| anticlimax | Антиклимакс, спад a climax suddenly interrupted by an unexpected turn of the thought which defeats expectations of the reader (listener) and ends in complete semantic reversal of the emphasised id... |
| antithesis | - Антитеза a semantically complicated parallel construction , the two parts of which are semantically opposite to each other - is to stress the heterogenity of the described phenomenon, to show ...
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| antonomasia | Антономасия type 1: a lexical sd in which a proper name is used instead of a common noun, i.e. a lexical sd in which the nominal meaning of a proper name is suppressed by its logical meaning or th... |
| break-in-the-narrative | Апозиопезис "a stopping short for rhetorical effect" (i.r.g.) - used mainly in the dialogue or in the other forms of narrative imitating spontaneous oral speech because the speaker`s emotions prev... |
| aposiopesis | Апозиопезис "a stopping short for rhetorical effect" (i.r.g.) - used mainly in the dialogue or in the other forms of narrative imitating spontaneous oral speech because the speaker`s emotions prev... |
| archaisms | Архаизмы such special literary words as a) historical words - denoting historical phenomena which are no more in use "yeoman", "vassal", "falconet" b) poetic words and highly literary words - used... |
| asyndeton | - Асиндетон deliberate omission of conjunctions, cutting off connecting words - helps to create the effect of terse, energetic, active prose. (v.a.k.) with these hurried words mr. bob sawyer pus...
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| assonance | - Ассонанс или вокалическая аллитерация the repetition of similar vowels, usually in stressed syllables (v.a.k.) nor soul helps flesh now//more than flesh helps soul (r.browning) dreadful young ...
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| vulgarisms | Вульгаризмы coarse special colloquial words with a strong emotive meaning, mostly derogatory, normally avoided in polite conversation (v.a.k.) there is so much bad shit between the two gangs that ... |
| expressive means | Выразительные средства are those phonetic, morphological, word-building, lexical, phraseological and syntactical forms which exist in language-as-a-system for the purpose of logical and/or emotion... |
| newspaper style | Газетный стиль 1) observed in the majority of information materials printed in newspapers (v.a.k.) •• 2) a system of interrelated lexical, phraseological and grammatical means which is perceived b... |
| hyperbole | - Гипербола a stylistic device in which emphasis is achieved through deliberate exaggeration it does not signify the actual state of affairs in reality, but presents the latter through the emoti...
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| graphon | Граффон 1) intentional violation of the graphical shape of a word (or word combination) used to reflect its authentic pronunciation, to recreate the individual and social peculiarities of the spea... |
| dialectical words | Диалектизмы such special colloquial words which - are normative and devoid of any stylistic meaning in regional dialects, but used outside of them, carry a strong flavour of the locality where the... |
| direct onomatopoeia | Звукоподражание the use of words whose sounds imitate those of the signified object of action (v.a.k.) •• a combination of speech-sounds which aims at imitating sounds produced in nature (wind, se... |
| onomatopoeia | - Звукоподражание the use of words whose sounds imitate those of the signified object of action (v.a.k.) •• a combination of speech-sounds which aims at imitating sounds produced in nature (wind...
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| zeugma | Зевгма a cluster sd, when a polysemantic verb that can be combined with nouns of most varying semantic groups is deliberately used with two of more homogeneous members, which are not connected sem... |
| zoonymic metaphor | Зоонимическая метафора, зооморфизм применение к людям слов второго разряда, т.е. названий животных, птиц и фантастических существ (метафорическое, эмоционально окрашенное и нередко обидное) (i.v.a... |
| zoomorphism | Зоонимическая метафора, зооморфизм применение к людям слов второго разряда, т.е. названий животных, птиц и фантастических существ (метафорическое, эмоционально окрашенное и нередко обидное) (i.v.a... |
| superfluity | Избыточность величина, характеризующая представление сообщения большим числом знаков, чем это было бы необходимо при отсутствии помех (i.v.a.) |
| stylistic inversion | Инверсия a syntactical stylistic device in which the direct word order is changed either completely so that the predicate precedes the subject (complete inversion), or partially so that the object... |
| inverted epithets | Инвертированные эпитеты based on the contradiction between the logical and the syntactical: logically defining becomes syntactically defined and vice versa. the article with the second noun will h... |
| reversed epithets | Инвертированные эпитеты based on the contradiction between the logical and the syntactical: logically defining becomes syntactically defined and vice versa. the article with the second noun will h... |
| litotes | - Литота a two-component structure in which two negations are joined to give a possessive evaluation - the first component is always the negative particle "not", while the second, always negativ...
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| metaphor | - Метафора transference of names based on the associated likeness between two objects, on the similarity of one feature common to two different entities, on possessing one common characteristic,...
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| metonymy | - Метонимия transference of names based on contiguity (nearness), on extralinguistic, actually existing relations between the phenomena (objects), denoted by the words, on common grounds of exis...
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| polysyndeton | Многосоюзие, полисиндетон repeated use of conjunctions - is to strengthen the idea of equal logical/emotive importance of connected sentences by the time he had got all the bottles and dishes and ... |
| scientific style | Научный стиль found in articles, brochures, monographs and other scientific and academic publications (v.a.k.) •• the aim is to prove a hypothesis, to create new concepts, to disclose the internal... |
| oxymoron | - Оксюморон a combination of two semantically contradictory notions, that help to emphasise contradictory qualities simultaneously existing in the described phenomenon as a dialectical unity (v....
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| personification | - Олицетворение или персонификация a metaphor that involves likeness between inanimate and animate objects (v.a.k.) "the face of london", "the pain of ocean" geneva, mother of the red cross, hos...
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| style of official documents | Официально-деловой стиль represented in all kinds of official documents and papers (v.a.k.) •• the main aim is to state the conditions binding two parties in an undertaking (the state and the citi... |
| official style | Официально-деловой стиль represented in all kinds of official documents and papers (v.a.k.) •• the main aim is to state the conditions binding two parties in an undertaking (the state and the citi... |
| officialese | - Официально-деловой стиль represented in all kinds of official documents and papers (v.a.k.) •• the main aim is to state the conditions binding two parties in an undertaking (the state and the ...
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| parallel construction | Параллельная конструкция reiteration of the structure of several sentences (clauses), and not of their lexical "flesh" almost always includes some type of lexical repetition , and such a convergen... |
| paronomasia | - Парономасия, игра слов simultaneous realisation of two meanings through a) misinterpretation of one speaker`s utterance by the other, which results in his remark dealing with a different meani...
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| pun | - Парономасия, игра слов simultaneous realisation of two meanings through a) misinterpretation of one speaker`s utterance by the other, which results in his remark dealing with a different meani...
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| transference | - Перенос act of name-exchange, of substitution of the existing names approved by long usage and fixed in dictionaries by new, occasional, individual ones, prompted by the speaker`s subjective o...
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| enumeration | - Перечисление a sd by which separate things, objects, phenomena, properties, actions are named one by one so that they produce a chain, the links of which, being syntactically in the same posit...
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| circumlocution | - Перифраз a) using a roundabout form of expression instead of a simpler one b) using a more or less complicated syntactical structure instead of a word they are classified into figurative perip...
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| periphrasis | - Перифраз a) using a roundabout form of expression instead of a simpler one b) using a more or less complicated syntactical structure instead of a word they are classified into figurative perip...
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| euphemistic periphrasis | Перифраз логический (эвфемистический) a phrase synonymic with the words which were substituted by periphrasis because the direct nomination of the not too elegant feature of appearance was substit... |
| logical periphrasis | Перифраз логический (эвфемистический) a phrase synonymic with the words which were substituted by periphrasis because the direct nomination of the not too elegant feature of appearance was substit... |
| euphemism | - Перифраз логический (эвфемистический) a phrase synonymic with the words which were substituted by periphrasis because the direct nomination of the not too elegant feature of appearance was sub...
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| figurative periphrasis | Перифраз фигуральный (метафорический, метонимический) a periphrasis that is made of phrase-metonymies or phrase-metaphors (v.a.k.) - is to convey a purely individual perception of the described ob... |
| metaphoric periphrasis | Перифраз фигуральный (метафорический, метонимический) a periphrasis that is made of phrase-metonymies or phrase-metaphors (v.a.k.) - is to convey a purely individual perception of the described ob... |
| metonymic periphrasis | Перифраз фигуральный (метафорический, метонимический) a periphrasis that is made of phrase-metonymies or phrase-metaphors (v.a.k.) - is to convey a purely individual perception of the described ob... |
| order of words | Порядок слов and punctuation are used to convey the corresponding pausation and intonation in the written form of speech (v.a.k.) see: punctuation , inversion , syntactical sds |
| practical stylistic | Практическая стилистика the stylistics, proceeding form the norms of language usage at a given period and teaching these norms to language speakers, especially the ones, dealing with the language ... |
| understatement | Преуменьшение a stylistic device in which emphasis is achieved through intentional underestimation (underrating) "the wind is rather strong" instead of "there`s a gale blowing outside" •• is dealt... |
| professional jargonisms | Профессионализмы such jargonisms which - connected with the technical side of some profession "driller" = borer, digger, wrencher, hogger, brake weight "pipeliner" = swabber, bender, cat, old cat,... |
| professionalisms | Профессионализмы such jargonisms which - connected with the technical side of some profession "driller" = borer, digger, wrencher, hogger, brake weight "pipeliner" = swabber, bender, cat, old cat,... |
| publicist style | Публицистический стиль covering such genres as essay, feature article, most writing of "new journalism", public speeches, etc. (v.a.k.) •• the general aim is to exert a constant and deep influence... |
| rhetorical question | Риторический вопрос peculiar interrogative construction which semantically remains a statement; - does not demand any information but - serves to express the emotions of the speaker and also - ser... |
| rhyme | - Рифма the repetition of identical or similar terminal sound combination of words (i.r.g.) - full rhyme - incomplete rhymes: - vowel rhymes - consonant rhymes source: i.r.g.
- N 1 фина...
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| syllepsys | Силлепсис объединение двух или более однородных членов, так или иначе различающихся в грамматическом отношении (i.v.a.) |
| synecdoche | - Синекдоха a metonymy based on the relations between the part and the whole (v.a.k.) he made his way through perfume and conversation. (i.shaw) his mind was alert and people asked him to dinner...
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| synonymical repetition | Синонимический повтор the repetition of the same idea by using synonymous words and phrases which by adding a slightly different nuance of meaning intensify the impact of the utterance (i.r.g.) ..... |
| simile | - Сравнение an imaginative comparison of two unlike objects belonging to two different classes on the grounds of similarity of some quality the one which is compared is called the tenor, the one...
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| style of language | Стилистика is a system of co-ordinated, interrelated and inter-conditioned language means intended to fulfil a specific function of communication and aiming at a definite effect (i.r.g.) наука о п... |
| stylistics | - Стилистика is a system of co-ordinated, interrelated and inter-conditioned language means intended to fulfil a specific function of communication and aiming at a definite effect (i.r.g.) наука...
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| stylistic norm | Стилистическая норма the invariant of the phonemic, morphological. lexical and syntactical patterns circulating in language-in-action at a given period of time (i.r.g.) see: individual style , sty... |
| stylistic device | Стилистический приём is a conscious and intentional intensification of some typical structural and/or semantic property of a language unit (neutral or expressive) promoted to a generalised status ... |
| style of imaginative literature | Стиль художественной литературы embracing numerous and versatile genres of imaginative writing (v.a.k.) •• the purpose (the cognitive function) is not to prove but only to suggest a possible *inte... |
| belles-lettres style | Стиль художественной литературы embracing numerous and versatile genres of imaginative writing (v.a.k.) •• the purpose (the cognitive function) is not to prove but only to suggest a possible *inte... |
| sentence structure | Структура предложения not only the clarity and understandability of the sentence but also its expressiveness depend on the position of clauses, constituting it. - loose structure - periodic senten... |
| phrase-epithets | Фразовые эпитеты, голофрaзисы окказиональное функционирование словосочетания или предложения как цельнооформленного образования, графически, интонационно и синтаксически уподобленного слову (i.v.a... |
| functional style | Функциональный стиль, стиль речи a) a system of interrelated language means which serves a definite aim of communication b) includes: official style , scientific style , publicist style , newspape... |
| reversed parallel construction | Хиазм a) reversed parallelism of the structure of several sentences (clauses) b) inversion of the first construction in the second part (v.a.k.) if the first sentence (clause) has a direct word or... |
| chiasmus | - Хиазм a) reversed parallelism of the structure of several sentences (clauses) b) inversion of the first construction in the second part (v.a.k.) if the first sentence (clause) has a direct wor...
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| strings of epithets | Цепочки эпитетов present a group of homogeneous attributes varying in number from three up to sometimes twenty and even more you`re a scolding, unjust, abusive, aggravating, bad old creature. (ch.... |
| chains of epithets | Цепочки эпитетов present a group of homogeneous attributes varying in number from three up to sometimes twenty and even more you`re a scolding, unjust, abusive, aggravating, bad old creature. (ch.... |
| euphony | Эвфония a sense of ease and comfort in pronouncing or hearing (v.a.k.) ... silken sad uncertain//rustling of each purple curtain ... (e.a.poe) see: alliteration , assonance |
| elative | Элятив безотносительно большая степень признака (i.v.a.) a most valuable idea, the sweetest baby, the newest fashion of all, a most foolish wife; the orangemostest drink in the world(i.v.a.) you c... |
| epigram | Эпиграмма a) a sd akin to a proverb, the only difference being that epigrams are coined by individuals whose names we know, while proverbs are the coinage of the people b) terse, witty, pointed st... |
| epithet | - Эпитет foregrounding the emotive meaning of the word to suppress its denotational meaning - is the most widely used lexical sd; - expresses characteristics of an object, both existing and imag...
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| epiphora | - Эпифора a, a, a, the end of successive sentences (clauses) is repeated the main stylistic function is to add stress to the final words of the sentence. (v.a.k.) i wake up and i`m alone and i w...
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