| freedmen’s bureau | A federal agency set up to help former slaves after the civil war. |
| radical republican | A congressman who, after the civil war, favored using the government to create a new order in the south and to give african americans full citizenship and the right to vote. |
| black code | Law passed by southern states that limited the freedom of former slaves. |
| civil rights | Rights granted to all citizens. гражданские права; |
| freedmen’s school | A school set up to educate newly freed african americans. |
| sharecropping | A system in which landowners gave farm workers land, seed, and tools in return for a part of the crops they raised. |
| fifteenth amendment | Passed in 1870, this amendment to the u.s. constitution stated that citizens could not be stopped from voting “on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” |
| panic of 1873 | A financial crisis in which banks closed and the stock market collapsed. |
| compromise of 1877 | The agreement that resolved an 1876 election dispute: rutherford b. hayes became president and then removed the last federal troops from the south. |
| great plains | The area from the missouri river to the rocky mountains. |
| boomtown | - A town that has a sudden burst of economic or population growth.
- Город, возникший в результате экономического подъёма
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| lode | - A deposit of mineral buried in rock.
- A water course or way; a reach of water. variation of lead.
- A deposit of gold or other minerals.
жила; |
| vaquero | A cowhand that came from mexico with the spaniards in the 1500s. |
| long drive | Taking cattle by foot to a railway. |
| vigilante | - A person willing to take the law into his or her own hands.
- Часто презр. член неофициально созданной группы для борьбы с преступностью несанкционированными методами (там, где отсутс...
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| sand creek massacre | An 1864 attack in which more than 150 cheyenne men, women, and children were killed by the colorado militia. |
| battle of the little bighorn | An 1876 battle in which the sioux and the cheyenne wiped out an entire force of u.s. troops. |
| wounded knee massacre | The massacre by u.s. soldiers of 300 unarmed native americans at wounded knee creek, south dakota, in 1890. |
| homestead | - Land to settle on and farm.
- A house and surrounding land owned and used as a dwelling.
- The house in which a family lives, plus any adjoining land and other buildings on t...
усадьба; |
| buffalo soldier | A name given by native americans to african americans serving in the u.s. army in the west. |
| mexicano | A person of spanish descent whose ancestors had come from mexico and settled in the southwest. |
| homestead act | Passed in 1862, this law offered 160 acres of land free to anyone who agreed to live on and improve the land for five years. |
| sodbuster | A farmer on the frontier. |
| exoduster | An african american who left the south for the west and compared himself or herself to biblical hebrews who left slavery in egypt. |
| populist party | Also known as the people’s party and formed in the 1890s, this group wanted a policy that would raise crop prices. |
| cooperative | - An organization owned and run by its members.
- Совместный; объединенный
- Cooperativa/o
- A form of real estate ownership of a multi-unit housing structure by a non...
coop; |
| grange | - Formed in 1867, the patrons of husbandry tried to meet the social needs of farm families.
- Фермерский дом с прилегающими строениями, обычно в стороне от других поселений
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| standard time | A system adopted in 1918 that divided the united states into four time zones. |
| robber baron | A business leader who became wealthy through dishonest methods. |
| philanthropist | A person who gives large sums of money to charities. |
| sweatshop | - A place where workers labored long hours under poor conditions for low wages.
- Предприятие, на котором существует потогонная система
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| knights of labor | An organization of workers from all different trades formed after the civil war. |
| haymarket affair | In 1886, a union protest resulted in about 100 dead after an unknown person threw a bomb, and police opened fire on the crowd. |
| american federation of labor (afl) | A national organization of labor unions founded in 1886. |
| pullman strike | A nationwide railway strike that spread throughout the rail industry in 1894. |
| urbanization | - Growth of cities resulting from industrialization.
- Урбанизация
урбанизация; |
| mercantilism | An economic system in which nations increase their wealth and power by obtaining gold and silver and by establishing a favorable balance of trade. |
| political machine | An organization that influences enough votes to control a local government. |
| hull house | Founded in 1889, a model for other settlement houses of the time. |
| new immigrant | A person from southern or eastern europe who entered the united states after 1900. |
| ellis island | The first stop in the united states for most immigrants coming from europe. |
| melting pot | A place where cultures blend. |
| chinese exclusion act | Enacted in 1882, this law banned chinese immigration for ten years. |
| mass culture | A common culture experienced by large numbers of people. |
| mail-order catalog | A publication that contains pictures and descriptions of items so that people can order by mail. |
| department store | A store that sells everything from clothing to furniture to hardware. магазин; 百 货 大 楼; |
| ragtime | A blend of african-american songs and european musical forms. |
| conquistador | A spaniard who traveled to the americas as an explorer and a conqueror in the 16th century. |
| progressivism | An early 20th-century reform movement seeking to return control of the government to the people, to restore economic opportunities, and to correct injustices in american life. |
| muckraker | - Around 1900, the term for a journalist who exposed corruption in american society.
- Человек, расследующий и разоблачающий в печати коррупцию и темные политические махинации официальн...
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| initiative | - The procedure that allows voters to propose a law directly.
- A зачинательный stricture
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| direct primary | - Voters, rather than party conventions, choose candidates to run for public office.
- Прямые первичные выборы, на которых избираются кандидаты для включения в партийные списки для посл...
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| sherman antitrust act | A law passed in 1890 that made it illegal for corporations to gain control of industries by forming trusts. |
| sixteenth amendment | An amendment to the u.s. constitution, ratified in 1913, that gave congress the power to create income taxes. |
| federal reserve act | A law passed in 1913 that “created” the nation’s banking system and instituted a flexible currency system. |
| clayton antitrust act | A law passed in 1914 that laid down rules forbidding business practices that lessened competition; it gave the government more power to regulate trusts. |
| seventeenth amendment | An amendment to the u.s. constitution, ratified in 1913, that provided for the direct election of u.s. senators. |
| yellow journalism | A style of journalism that exaggerates and sensationalizes the news. |
| spanish-american war | A war in 1898 that began when the united states demanded cuba’s independence from spain. |
| rough rider | A member of the first united states volunteer cavalry, organized by theodore roosevelt during the spanish-american war. |
| platt amendment | A result of the spanish- american war, which gave the united states the right to intervene in cuban affairs when there was a threat to “life, property, and individual liberty.” |
| sphere of influence | An area where foreign nations claim special rights and economic privileges. |
| open door policy | In 1899, the united states asked nations involved in asia to follow a policy in which no one country controlled trade with china. |
| boxer rebellion | In 1900, chinese resentment toward foreigners’ attitude of cultural superiority resulted in this violent uprising. |
| roosevelt corollary | A 1904 addition to the monroe doctrine allowing the united states to be the “policeman” in latin america. |
| trench warfare | A kind of warfare during world war i in which troops huddled at the bottom of trenches and fired artillery and machine guns at each other. |
| central powers | An alliance of austria-hungary, germany, the ottoman empire, and bulgaria during world war i. |
| allies | An alliance of serbia, russia, france, great britain, italy, and seven other countries during world war i. |
| zimmermann telegram | A message sent in 1917 by the german foreign minister to the german ambassador in mexico, proposing a german-mexican alliance and promising to help mexico regain texas, new mexico, and arizona if ... |
| aef | - The american expeditionary force, u.s. forces during world war i.
- Airborne equipment failure
- Aviation engineer force
- Alliance for environmental education; accu...
airborne equipment failure; aviation engineer force; alliance for environmental education; accurate environmental forecasting, inc.; |
| convoy system | A heavy guard of destroyers that escorts merchant ships during wartime. |
| second battle of the marne | A 1918 battle during world war i that marked the turning point in the war; allied troops along with americans halted the german advance into france. |
| spanish armada | A fleet of ships sent in 1588 by philip ii, the spanish king, to invade england and restore roman catholicism. |
| war bond | A low-interest loan by civilians to the government, meant to be repaid in a number of years. |
| league of nations | An organization set up after world war i to settle international conflicts. |
| fourteen points | President woodrow wilson’s goals for peace after world war i. |
| treaty of versailles | The 1919 treaty that ended world war i. |
