| political party | A group of people that tries to promote its ideas and influence government, and also backs candidates for office. |
| xyz affair | A 1797 incident in which french officials demanded a bribe from u.s. diplomats. |
| states’ rights | Theory that said that states had the right to judge when the federal government had passed an unconstitutional law. |
| mound builder | An early native american who built large earthen structures. |
| lewis and clark expedition | A group led by meriwether lewis and william clark who explored the lands of the louisiana purchase beginning in 1803. |
| impressment | - The act of seizing by force.
- The system and act of pressing seamen, and compelling them—under plea of state necessity—to serve in our men-of-war.
- To force an individual i...
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| war hawk | A westerner who supported the war of 1812. |
| tundra | - A treeless plain that remains frozen under its top layer of soil.
- N. a vast, mostly flat, treeless arctic region of europe, asia, and north america in which the subsoil is permanent...
тундра; |
| battle of the thames | An american victory over the british in the war of 1812, which ended the british threat to the northwest territory. |
| treaty of ghent | Treaty, signed in 1814, which ended the war of 1812; no territory exchanged hands and trade disputes were not resolved. |
| factory system | A method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building. |
| industrial revolution | In late 18th-century britain, factory machines began replacing hand tools and manufacturing replaced farming as the main form of work. |
| interchangeable part | A part that is exactly like another part. |
| cotton gin | A machine invented in 1793 that cleaned cotton much faster and far more efficiently than human workers. |
| spiritual | A religious folk song. |
| american system | - A plan introduced in 1815 to make the united states economically self-sufficient.
- Churn drill
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| sectionalism | The placing of the interests of one’s own region ahead of the interests of the nation as a whole. |
| missouri compromise | A series of laws enacted in 1820 to maintain the balance of power between slave states and free states. |
| monroe doctrine | A policy of u.s. opposition to any european interference in the western hemisphere, announced by president monroe in 1823. |
| matrilineal | A society in which ancestry is traced through the mother. |
| slash-and-burn agriculture | A farming method in which people clear fields by cutting and burning trees and grasses, the ashes of which fertilize the soil. |
| jacksonian democracy | The idea of spreading political power to all the people, thereby ensuring majority rule. |
| spoils system | - The practice of winning candidates giving government jobs to political backers or supporters.
- Система раздачи должностей активным сторонникам победившей партии
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| indian territory | Present-day oklahoma and parts of kansas and nebraska to which native americans were moved under the indian removal act of 1830. |
| indian removal act | This 1830 act called for the government to negotiate treaties that would require native americans to relocate west. |
| trail of tears | The tragic journey of the cherokee people from their homeland to indian territory between 1838 and 1839; thousands of cherokee died. |
| doctrine of nullification | A right of a state to reject a federal law that it considers unconstitutional. |
| tariff of abominations | An 1828 law that raised the tariffs on raw materials and manufactured goods; it upset southerners who felt that economic interests of the northeast were determining national economic policy. |
| webster-hayne debate | An 1830 debate between daniel webster and robert hayne over the doctrine of nullification. |
| panic of 1837 | A financial crisis in which banks closed and the credit system collapsed. |
| mountain man | A fur trapper or explorer who opened up the west by finding the best trails through the rocky mountains. |
| land speculator | A person who buys huge areas of land for a low price and then sells off small sections of it at high prices. |
| oregon trail | A trail that ran westward from independence, missouri, to the oregon territory. |
| tejano | A person of spanish heritage who considered texas to be home. |
| lone star republic | The nickname of the republic of texas, given in 1836. |
| bear flag revolt | The 1846 rebellion by americans against mexican rule in california. |
| treaty of guadalupe hidalgo | The 1848 treaty ending the u.s. war with mexico; mexico ceded nearly one-half of its land to the united states. |
| mexican cession | A vast region given up by mexico after the war with mexico; it included the present-day states of california, nevada, utah, most of arizona, and parts of new mexico, colorado, and wyoming. |
| forty-niner | A person who went to california to find gold, starting in 1849. |
| songhai | A west african empire that succeeded mali and controlled trade from the 1400s to 1591. |
| emigrant | A person who leaves a country. эмигрант; |
| immigrant | A person who settles in a new country. inmigrante; |
| steerage | - The cheapest deck or place on a ship.
- 1. the effect of the helm on a vessel; the act of steering a vessel.
- Управление каким-л. видом транспорта
- Управление
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управление каким-л. видом транспорта; управление; рулевое управление; |
| push-pull factor | A factor that pushes people out of their native lands and pulls them toward a new place. |
| nativist | A native-born american who wanted to eliminate foreign influence. |
| romanticism | A european artistic movement that stressed the individual, imagination, creativity, and emotion. |
| hudson river school | A group of artists living in the hudson river valley in new york. |
| transcendentalism | A 19thcentury philosophy that taught the spiritual world is more important than the physical world and that people can find truth within themselves through feeling and intuition. |
| civil disobedience | Peacefully refusing to obey laws one considers unjust. |
| second great awakening | The renewal of religious faith in the 1790s and early 1800s. |
| temperance movement | A campaign to stop the drinking of alcohol. |
| european middle ages | A period from the late 400s to about the 1300s, during which europeans turned to feudalism and the manor system. |
| feudalism | A political system in which the king allows nobles the use of his land in exchange for their military service and their protection of people living on the land. |
| underground railroad | A series of escape routes used by slaves escaping the south. |
| crusades | A series of wars to capture the holy land, launched in 1096 by european christians. |
| manor system | A system in which lords divided their lands into estates, which were farmed mostly by serfs who received protection from the lord in return. |
| free soil party | A political party dedicated to stopping the expansion of slavery. |
| renaissance | A period of european history, lasting from the 1300s to 1600, that brought increased interest in art and learning. возраст геологический; |
| compromise of 1850 | A series of congressional laws intended to settle the major disagreements between free states and slave states. |
| uncle tom’s cabin | A novel published by harriet beecher stowe in 1852 that portrayed slavery as brutal and immoral. |
| fugitive slave act | An 1850 law to help slaveholders recapture runaway slaves. |
| kansas-nebraska act | An 1854 law that established the territories of kansas and nebraska and gave their residents the right to decide whether to allow slavery. |
| harpers ferry | A federal arsenal in virginia that was captured in 1859 during a slave revolt. |
| reformation | A 16th-century religious movement to correct problems in the roman catholic church. |
| printing press | A machine invented about 1455 by johannes gutenberg. печатный пресс; |
| confederate states of america | The confederation formed in 1861 by the southern states after their secession from the union. |
| fort sumter | A federal fort located in the harbor of charleston, south carolina; the southern attack on fort sumter marked the beginning of the civil war. |
| border state | A slave state that bordered states in which slavery was illegal. |
| king cotton | Cotton was called king because cotton was important to the world market, and the south grew most of the cotton for europe’s mills. |
| first battle of bull run | An 1861 battle of the civil war in which the south shocked the north with a victory. |
| ironclad | - A warship covered with iron.
- A steam-propelled warship protected by iron or steel armor plates of the period from 1859 until the 1890s (when the term "ironclad" fell out o...
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| seven days’ battles | An 1862 civil war battle in which the confederacy forced the union to retreat before it could capture the southern capital of richmond. |
| battle of antietam | A civil war battle in 1862 in which 25,000 men were killed or wounded. |
| 54th massachusetts regiment | One of the first african-american regiments organized to fight for the union in the civil war. |
| copperheads | Abraham lincoln’s main political opponents; they favored peace with the south. |
| pickett’s charge | General george pickett led a direct attack on union troops during the 1863 civil war battle at gettysburg; the attack failed. |
| thirteenth amendment | An amendment to the u.s. constitution, adopted in 1865, banning slavery and involuntary servitude in the united states. |
