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Liberalisation
| Глоссарий по экологии и "зеленой" энергетике |
Technically, the removal of restrictions on the movement of capital. it has come to refer to a policy of promoting liberal economics by limiting the role of government in the operation of the market economy. liberalisation can include privatisation and deregulation/re-regulation. typically it refers to the establishment of an industry structure to allow competition, for example, as is possible with electricity generation. the process includes the shifting of publicly-owned companies into the private sector, such that provision of services is subject to greater competition or, in the case of natural monopolies to greater oversight with regard to economic efficiency.
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Technically, английский
Технически 3. technician техник 4. technology технология
Restrictions, английский
Limitations on the use or occupancy of real estate contained in a deed or in local ordinances pertaining to land use.
Government, английский
- N управление ~ and binding (theory) управление и связыва- ние (концепция )
- Generally means the constitution of our country as exercised under the legislature of king or queen, lords, and commons.
- The acts, rules, procedures, instruments of power and institutions by which the citizens of a country (or more generally the parts of a system) communicate with (->communication) and exert control upon each other so that the country as a whole maintains its unity and is directed toward ends chosen from within that country (->self-organization, ->autonomy). its opposite is laissez faire. in the reality of politics, government is rarely uniformly distributed and constituted (->constitution) instead in a ruling elite, exercising institutional control over those governed. this unequal distribution of government is particularly prevalent in technical realisations. e.g., the governor of a steam engine, computer control of a production process. in biology, such control hierachies (->hierarchy) rarely exist which suggest that they may be an outgrowth of rational constuctions not a fact of nature. qeafh
- An app category that facilitates engagement with government or politics.
Privatisation, английский
- The process of moving state-owned assets into the private sector and one of the defining characteristics of the thatcher era. back in 1979, the conservative government began selling state assets to private hands, such as british aerospace (now bae systems), british airways, british gas (now parts of centrica and national grid transco) and british telecom (now bt). some privatisations have been particularly troublesome, notably british rail and british steel (now part of corus).
- The process of moving a body or institution from ownership in the public sector to ownership in the private sector. this can be carried out using different processes, for example, the sale of shares to the general public or the sale of the whole company to a specific bidder.
Deregulation, английский
- The elimination or restructuring of regulation from a previously regulated industry or sector of an industry.
- Removal of controls in a particular market to improve its economic efficiency; generally considered a supply side policy.
- Отмена регулирования
- The removal or revision of laws that regulate the supply of goods and services.
Regulation, английский
- A rule or order prescribed for management or government
- Регулирование
- Регулирование, правило, постановление
- Any rule prescribing permitted or forbidden conduct, whether established by legislation or the action of an administrative agency; also
- The act of regulating the regulation of the body’s temperature
- Any systematic (rule-like or determinate) behavior of one part of a system that tends to restrict the fluctuations in behavior of another part of that system. while both parts must lie in the same feedback loop, regulation involves this basic asymmetry
- The process whereby the designated government authority provides oversight and establishes rules for firms in an industry. regulation places constraints on behavior, establishes good (or bad) incentives, and addresses issues that are politically contentious. decisions are implemented through a rule or order issued by an executive authority or regulatory agency of a government and having the force of law.
- Норма
- A rule or order issued by governmental executive authorities or regulatory agencies and having the force of law. regulations implement policies and are mostly specifi c for particular groups of people, legal entities or targeted activities. regulation is also the act of designing and imposing rules or orders. informational, transactional, administrative and political constraints in practice limit the regulator’s capability for implementing preferred policies.
- The order in which trains are run in practice so as to minimise delay
Establishment, английский
- Учреждение (в снс; территориально обособленная производственная единица, как правило, промышленное или торговое предприятие, которая занимается одним видом деятельности — завод, фабрика, шахта, рудник и т. д., но не компания, фирма, которые представляют совокупность предприятий, производящих неоднородную продукцию; учреждение представляет самостоятельную учетную единицу); предприятие (в снс; элементарная технологическая единая производственная единица, выпускающая однородную продукцию; представляет собой самостоятельную учетную единицу)
- The regulated complement or quota of officers and men to a ship, either in time of war or peace. the equipment. the regulated dimensions of spars, cabin, rigging, &c.—establishment of a port. an awkward phrase lately lugged in to denote the tide-hour of a port.
- The complement or quota of officers and rates assigned to a ship or station.
Competition, английский
- Struggle among trees and other vegetation, generally for limited nutrients, light, and water present on a site. competition can cause reduced tree growth. severe competition in very dense stands may cause stand stagnation (17).
- Конкуренция в реальной экономике всевозможные сочетания таких факторов, как человеческая изобретательность, высокие таможенные барьеры по отношению к продукции тех или иных отраслей, рост эффективности производства ввиду его крупных масштабов и пр мешают развернуться настоящей конкуренции правительства многих стран признают этот факт и стремятся поддержать конкуренцию посредством антимонопольных законов и политических мер
- Соревнование
- Конкуренция
- Interaction between members of the same population or of two or more populations to obtain a resource that both require and which is available in limited supply, hence, limiting overall fitness (survival, growth, reproduction of an organism). asymmetrical c.: competition between two organisms (or species) in which one is much more severely affected than the other (principle of displacement of the weaker by the stronger organism). exclusion c.: the elimination from an area or habitat of one species by another through interspecific competition. exploitation c.: competition in which any adverse effects on an organism are brought about by reductions in resource levels caused by other competing organisms (on a first come first serve basis). interference c.: competition between two organisms in which one physically excludes the other from a portion of a habitat and hence from the resources that could be exploited there. interspecific c.: competition between individuals for the same limited resources by different species - (exclusion principle of gausse) competing species relying on the same ecological resources cannot exist together. intraspecific c.: competition between individuals for the same limited resources by the same species. symmetrical c.: (see asymmetrical competition).
- Businesses that sell similar products or services and compete for the same customer segment.
- Intra- or intermarket rivalry between or among businesses trying to obtain a larger piece of the same market share.
- Competition tends to come in two varieties: competition among the few (a market with a small number of sellers or buyers, such that each can exercise some degree of market power) and competition among the many (perfect competition - a market with so many buyers and sellers that none is able to influence the market price or quantity exchanged).
- There are two types of competition:
Electricity, английский
- Электричество
- Energy resulting from the flow of charge particles, such as electrons or ions.
- The movement of electrons (a subatomic particle), produced by a voltage, through a conductor.
- Energy resulting from the flow of charged particles, such as electrons or ions.
- The fl ow of passing charge through a conductor, driven by a difference in voltage between the ends of the conductor. electrical power is generated by work from heat in a gas or steam turbine or from wind, oceans or falling water, or produced directly from sunlight using a photovoltaic device or chemically in a fuel cell. being a current, electricity cannot be stored and requires wires and cables for its transmission (see grid). because electric current fl ows immediately, the demand for electricity must be matched by production in real time.
Generation, немецкий
Efficiency, английский
- A rating on comfort equipment, similar to the miles per gallon rating on your car. the higher the rating, the more efficient the system and the lower your fuel consumption will be.
- A comfort-equipment and fuel-efficiency rating similar to the miles-per-gallon rating for automobiles
- A general term used to describe how effectively a heat pump, air conditioning system, or furnace converts incoming energy to outgoing energy. the higher the number, the more efficient the unit, and the lower the operating costs.
- A measure of a product`s ability to utilize input energy; expressed as a percentage.
- Эффективность; кпд
- Эффективность (производства); производительность (труда), см. yield, utility, productivity
- Эффективность
- Эффективность; полезный эффект результативность в зависимости от затраченных ресурсов (времени, финансов и др.).
- Эффективность (улавливания частиц). применительно к фильтрам, пылеуловителям и брызговым скрубберам — отношение количества частиц, задерживаемых данным устройством, к поступающему в него количеству (обычно выражается в процентах) (предварительный стандарт мос, 8).
- In a loudspeaker, the ratio of acoustic power output to electrical power input.
- The degree and speed with which a market accurately incorporates information into prices.
- An economic goal of receiving the most satisfaction from a given amount of resources; it occurs when satisfaction cannot be increased through increased production of one good and less of another. see allocativeefficiency and productiveefficiency.
- Однокомнатная квартира с плитой и раковиной в жилой комнате
- The ratio of the useful energy output to energy input of a machine or other energy-converting plant.
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Rate of return regulation, английский
A form of regulation wherein the regulator determines the rate of return that a utility needs to and can be allowed to earn on investment and this sets the basis of the prices that can be charged. effectively this means that profit levels are regulated. this is the system mainly used in the us. the main criticism is that it does not encourage efficiency as much as the rpi-x form of price regulation. in practice this can lead to inefficiency, lack of innovation and ‘gold plating’ - that is, overspending to keep profits down.
Coevolution, английский
(l. con with) the process by which members of two or more species contribute reciprocally to the forces of natural selection that they exert on each other; e.g. parasites and their hosts. • ce. o. gene: the unit of inherited material - a hereditary factor. • ce. o. guild: a group of species that exploit the same class of resources in a similar way. • ce. o. species: the speciation of organisms with respect to the nature of their food resources e.g. mutualism, parasitism, commensalism (the longer the flower cone, the longer must be the proboscis of the nectar sucking insect.
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