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Fisher`s exact test (for the equality of two percentages)

Glossary of Statistical Terms
    Consider two populations of zeros and ones. let p1 be the proportion of ones in the first population, and let p2 be the proportion of ones in the second population. we would like to test the null hypothesis that p1 = p2 on the basis of a simple random sample from each population. let n1 be the size of the sample from population 1, and let n2 be the size of the sample from population 2. let g be the total number of ones in both samples. if the null hypothesis be true, the two samples are like one larger sample from a single population of zeros and ones. the allocation of ones between the two samples would be expected to be proportional to the relative sizes of the samples, but would have some chance variability. conditional on g and the two sample sizes, under the null hypothesis, the tickets in the first sample are like a random sample of size n1 without replacement from a collection of n = n1 + n2 units of which g are labeled with ones. thus, under the null hypothesis, the number of tickets labeled with ones in the first sample has (conditional on g) an hypergeometric distribution with parameters n, g, and n1. fisher`s exact test uses this distribution to set the ranges of observed values of the number of ones in the first sample for which we would reject the null hypothesis.




Proportion, английский
  1. A quantity of something, especially as compared to the whole  a high proportion of cancers can be treated by surgery.  the proportion of outpatients to inpatients is increasing. ‘…the target cells for adult myeloid leukaemia are located in the bone marrow, and there is now evidence that a substantial proportion of childhood leukaemias also arise in the bone marrow’ [british medical journal]

  2. Доля; отношение; пропорция prospective (cohort) study

  3. Доля; отношение; пропорция

  4. In naval architecture, the length, breadth, and height of a vessel, having a due consideration to her rate, and the object she is intended for.

  5. Пропорция; состав (смеси и т.п.); пропорциональная часть || составлять, дозировать


Population, английский
  1. A definable set of individual units to which the findings from statistical examination of a sample subset are intended to be applied. the population will generally much outnumber the sample. in re-randomisation statistics the process of applying inference

  2. See stock.

  3. A collection of units being studied. units can be people, places, objects, epochs, drugs, procedures, or many other things. much of statistics is concerned with estimating numerical properties (parameters) of an entire population from a random sample of units from the population.

  4. A group or number of people living within a specified area or sharing similar characteristics (such as occupation or age).

  5. Население; народонаселение; генеральная совокупность (в выборочном наблюдении); популяция (биол)

  6. Население

  7. 1. the number of people living in a country or town  population statistics show that the birth rate is slowing down.  the government has decided to screen the whole population of the area. 2. the number of patients in hospital  the hospital population in the area has fallen below 10,000.

  8. Популяция

  9. Население; популяция -

  10. Популяция. в клинических исследованиях совокупность субъектов, обладающих какими-либо одинаковыми признаками (пол, возраст, диагноз).

  11. Население; популяция

  12. Any group of individuals, usually of a single species, occupying a given area at the same time; groups of organisms with homologue (same) alleles. p. cycle: changes in the numbers of individuals in a population which repeatedly oscillate between periods of high and low density. p. density: allowing a mathematically precise reflection - pd. • absolute: pd = number of individuals/unit area or volume [1/m2] or [1/m3] • relative: pd allows only a simple comparison (pd <, =, >, ? etc.). p. dynamics: the variations in time and space in the sizes and densities of populations; distribution due to changing food resources - the stability of a population depends upon abiotic factors, intraspecific competition (density dependent), natality, mortality etc. p. ecology: the study of the variations in time and space in the sizes and densities of populations, and of the factors causing those variations. p. fluctuation: variations over time in the size of a population. p. growth: is zero, when the birth rate equals the death rate (see carrying capacity). nt+1 = nt + r nt, current number of individuals r = (natality + immigration) - (mortality+emigration) r, intrinsic rate of growth (see density) p. pyramid: a means of illustrating the age structure of a population diagrammatically, by placing the youngest age class at the base and stacking successive age classes above it. p. regulation : a tendency in a population for some factor to cause density to increase when it is low and to decrease nt, momentary number of individuals when it is high. n0, number of individuals at start

  13. Generally, a collection of individuals with common characteristics. in statistics, a potentially infinite collection of independent (->independence) units that include all units of a specified type with attention paid only to the agggregate (->aggregation) property of the collection. a sample of data drawn from this population is a subset of the units constituting this population and scientific generalizations from such samples are limited by the size of the population originally specified (->model, ->representation).

  14. The process of scanning content to compile and maintain an index.

  15. Fish of the same species inhabiting a specified geographic area.


Hypothesis, английский
  1. A suggested explanation for an observation or experimental result, which is then refined or disproved by further investigation

  2. Гипотеза

  3. N гипотеза critical period ~ гипотеза критического периода linguistic relativity ~ гипотеза лингвистиче- ской относительности (син. sapir–whorf ~) localist ~ локалистская гипотеза3 nostratic ~ ностратическая гипотеза sapir–whorf ~ гипотеза сепира–уорфа (син. linguistic relativity ~) single segment ~ гипотеза единого сегмента

  4. Гипотеза. положение, которое предположительно отражает истину или которое используется как основа для аргументации того, что еще не доказано.

  5. Гипотеза; предположение; допущение hypothesis-driven управляемый гипотезами

  6. Гипотеза, предположение

  7. An assertion, proposition or statement about relations or constraints whose truth-value is as of yet unknown .but in principle determinable by tests involving generally empirical but also logical evidence. hypotheses are generally derived from theories or models and when these theories have some validity of their own, they consititute predictions. l&qh


Allocation, английский
  1. The apportionment or assignment of income or expense for various tax purpose, e.g., between permanent establishments in various jurisdictions

  2. Распределение (расходов, рабочей силы); ассигнование (денежных средств) ~ of contract продажа подряда с торгов ~ of responsibility during erection установление ответственности за монтаж land ~ распределение земель [территории] при планировке

  3. An assignment of a portion of a resource for a particular use or purpose.

  4. In operating systems, the process of reserving memory for use by a program.

  5. The percentage of a resource’s capacity that is designated for a specific assignment.

  6. The process of distributing amounts (monetary or statistical) to one or more accounts, fields, or records.

  7. Distribution of fishing opportunity among user groups or individuals. shares are sometimes based on historic amounts.


Proportional, английский
  1. Член пропорции

  2. A пропорциональный analogy

  3. Пропорциональный


Variability, английский
  1. Изменчивость

  2. Изменчивость; вариабельность степень различий между повторными измерениями признака.

  3. Изменчивость. разброс или дисперсия показателей в группе показате-лей; стремление каждого показателя не быть подобным другим [20].

  4. Изменчивость. разброс или дисперсия показателей в группе показателей; стремление каждого показателя не быть подобным другим [20].


Conditional, английский
  1. Условный

  2. A условный | n 1 усло- вие2; 2 грм. а) условное наклонение (син. ~ mood), б) условная связь (син. ~ conjunction); 3 лог. условное высказывание mood, sentence

  3. In probabilistic expert systems, a collection of conditional distributions for the same group of variables (referred to as the head) over all of the states of a conditioning set of variables (referred to as the tail). the conditional distribution of height and weight for various mutually exclusive groupings of age and sex would be a conditional, with height and weight as the head variables and age and sex the tail variables. see also: slice.

  4. A control structure such as an if-statement or case-statement that conditionally executes a block of code


De morgan`s laws, английский
    De morgan`s laws are identities involving logical operations: the negation of a conjunction is logically equivalent to the disjunction of the negations, and the negation of a disjunction is logically equivalent to the conjunction of the negations. in symbols, !(p & q) = !p | !q and !(p | q) = !p & !q.


Negative binomial distribution, английский
    Consider a sequence of independent trials with the same probability p of success in each trial. the number of trials up to and including the rth success has the negative binomial distribution with parameters n and r. if the random variable n has the negative binomial distribution with parameters n and r, then