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Externalities
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- Costs or benefits that affect society but are not included in the market price of a good or service. pollution is an example of a negative externality. education is an example of an externality benefit when members of society other than students benefit from a better educated population.
- Внешние факторы
- In economics, the effects that the acts of consumers or producers have on each other. externalities range from pollution and technological (->technology) inventions to the change in the range of options available to consumers and are differentiated from internalities because current knowledge prevents the former from being included into the formal equations of an analysis. externalities may also be regarded as the unanticipated side effects of calculated courses of action. ~
- Spillover effects of production or consumption for which no payment is made. these can be positive or negative; see external costs and external benefits.
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Внешние эффекты, русский
- Экстерналии, дополнительная польза и издержки, не включенные в рыночную цену товара. пример: • польза для окружающих от лечения случая инфекционного заболевания • побочные действия загрязненного промышленными выбросами воздуха, которые не учитываются в цене промышленного товара • влияние истощения природных ресурсов на национальную экономику, не учтенное при подсчете национального дохода.
- Непредсказуемые результаты производства или потребления, которые могут быть положительными или отрицательными. см.экстерналии.
Экстерналии, русский
- Внешние последствия экономической деятельности, которые не принимаются во внимание субъектами производства или не зависят от них.
- Внешние эффекты производства или потребления, за которые не взимается плата. они могут быть положительными или отрицательными; см. внешние издержки и внешние выгоды.
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Externality, английский
Внешний фактор
Population, английский
- A definable set of individual units to which the findings from statistical examination of a sample subset are intended to be applied. the population will generally much outnumber the sample. in re-randomisation statistics the process of applying inference
- See stock.
- A collection of units being studied. units can be people, places, objects, epochs, drugs, procedures, or many other things. much of statistics is concerned with estimating numerical properties (parameters) of an entire population from a random sample of units from the population.
- A group or number of people living within a specified area or sharing similar characteristics (such as occupation or age).
- Население; народонаселение; генеральная совокупность (в выборочном наблюдении); популяция (биол)
- Население
- 1. the number of people living in a country or town population statistics show that the birth rate is slowing down. the government has decided to screen the whole population of the area. 2. the number of patients in hospital the hospital population in the area has fallen below 10,000.
- Популяция
- Население; популяция -
- Популяция. в клинических исследованиях совокупность субъектов, обладающих какими-либо одинаковыми признаками (пол, возраст, диагноз).
- Население; популяция
- Any group of individuals, usually of a single species, occupying a given area at the same time; groups of organisms with homologue (same) alleles. p. cycle: changes in the numbers of individuals in a population which repeatedly oscillate between periods of high and low density. p. density: allowing a mathematically precise reflection - pd. • absolute: pd = number of individuals/unit area or volume [1/m2] or [1/m3] • relative: pd allows only a simple comparison (pd <, =, >, ? etc.). p. dynamics: the variations in time and space in the sizes and densities of populations; distribution due to changing food resources - the stability of a population depends upon abiotic factors, intraspecific competition (density dependent), natality, mortality etc. p. ecology: the study of the variations in time and space in the sizes and densities of populations, and of the factors causing those variations. p. fluctuation: variations over time in the size of a population. p. growth: is zero, when the birth rate equals the death rate (see carrying capacity). nt+1 = nt + r nt, current number of individuals r = (natality + immigration) - (mortality+emigration) r, intrinsic rate of growth (see density) p. pyramid: a means of illustrating the age structure of a population diagrammatically, by placing the youngest age class at the base and stacking successive age classes above it. p. regulation : a tendency in a population for some factor to cause density to increase when it is low and to decrease nt, momentary number of individuals when it is high. n0, number of individuals at start
- Generally, a collection of individuals with common characteristics. in statistics, a potentially infinite collection of independent (->independence) units that include all units of a specified type with attention paid only to the agggregate (->aggregation) property of the collection. a sample of data drawn from this population is a subset of the units constituting this population and scientific generalizations from such samples are limited by the size of the population originally specified (->model, ->representation).
- The process of scanning content to compile and maintain an index.
- Fish of the same species inhabiting a specified geographic area.
Technological, английский
- (научно-) технический; технологический
- Технологический
Technology, английский
- The use of tools and knowledge to meet human needs.
- Техника; технология
- Техника (означает все знания или неотъемлемую часть знаний о: научных принципах или открытиях; промышленных процессах; материальных и энергетических ресурсах; средствах транспорта и связи, постольку, поскольку эти знания непосредственно касаются развития производства товаров или сферы услуг; документы юнеско)
- N технология speech recognition ~ технология распознава- ния речи3
- Национальный институт стандартов и технологии
- Технология
- The body of knowledge about, and the systematic study of, methods, techniques and hardware applied in the adaptation of the physical environment to man`s needs and wants. the application of scientific knowledge to build or improve the infrastructure of agriculture, industry government and daily life. (technology must not be confused with the very infrastructure it generates). technology has autocatalytic properties. it favores the use of technical devices and processes even in solving social problems, e.g., by using fertilizers to enhance agricultural production rather than a different form of work organization, by using computers for national planning rather than decentralized decision making processes.
- The practical application of knowledge to achieve particular tasks that employs both technical artefacts (hardware, equipment) and (social) information (‘software’, know-how for production and use of artefacts). supply push aims at developing specifi c technologies through support for research, development and demonstration. demand pull is the practice of creating market and other incentives to induce the introduction of particular sets of technologies (e.g., low-carbon technologies through carbon pricing) or single technologies (e.g., through technology-specifi c feed-in tariffs).
Differentiated, английский
Production, английский
- Refers to a person acting more dramtic than they would in a show, making the situation epic. example after tasha got up, she caused even more of a scene by throwing her purse on the ground, punching her boyfriend, and stomping into a store. what she did was a production.
- Добыча. извлечение полезного ископаемого из недр.
- Производство
- Производство, продукция (наряду с материальными благами продукция включает только те виды услуг, которые могут рассматриваться как реализуемые: к ним относятся услуги, предоставляемые так называемыми лицами свободных профессий; остальные услуги из состава продукции исключаются; в снс)
- N 1 продуцирование, порождение, производство (син. generation); 2 фон. произношение (производство звука ) 1 обработка документов, созданных на естественном языке, а также разработка методов, технологий и конкретных систем, обеспечиваю- щих общение человека с пк на естественном или ограниченном есте- ственном языке. language ~ когн. продуцирование, порожде- ние речи (син. language generation, speech production; см. тж. speech generation; text to speech system) speech ~ порождение речи (син. language generation, language ~; см. тж. speech generation; text to speech system)
- For obtaining the benefits of trading with our colonies, it is necessary that the goods be accompanied by a “certificate of production” in the manner required by marine law. (see origin.)
- Производство, изготовление
- A rule that processes input and produces a sequence of terminal and non-terminal symbols, which can also be passed to further productions. the rules that a compiler or an expert system uses are often called productions. see also: non-terminal symbol, terminal symbol.
- Any process of synthesis, transformation or destruction realized in a space of interacting components that results not merely in the emission of signals or arrangement of characters, but as in a computer or a clockwork in material entities which are capable of interacting with other entities possibly including with the components that produced them. (->autopoiesis, ->allopoiesis)
- The process of creating usable goods from raw materials and/or parts.
- In the context of project financing, a defined portion of the proceeds of production up to a dollar amount.
- The output of goods and services.
- Добыча. извлечение полезного ископаемого из недр. производ- ство. объем добычи или производства.
- Term used to describe the process of extracting, preparing, storing, and delivering well oils.
- The phase of the petroleum industry that deals with bringing the well fluids to the surface and separating them and with storing, gauging, and otherwise preparing the product for the pipeline.
Consumption, английский
- Потребление (в смп; различают производственное и непроизводственное потребление; последнее подразделяется на фонд личного потребления и материальные затраты в непроизводственных учреждениях; в снс выделяют промежуточное потребление, частное потребление — расходы домашних хозяйств и частных некоммерческих организаций на потребление, и государственное текущее потребление)
- 1. the act of taking food or liquid into the body the patient’s increased consumption of alcohol 2. a former name for pulmonary tuberculosis
- Потребление
- Потребление; расход
- Потребление, расход; затрата
- The items used, time spent and costs incurred during servicing that are not included in the invoice to the customer.
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Economic growth, английский
- Economic growth usually refers to the growth in value of gdp (gross domestic product). the total output of the country — the value of all the food produced, all the pharmaceuticals manufactured, cars assembled and services rendered — forms gdp.
- An increase in the nation`s capacity to produce goods and services. usually refers to real gdp growth.
- An increase in a country’s output of goods and services, usually measured by changes in real gross domestic product (gdp).
- Экономический рост
Exchange rate, английский
- The price of one currency in terms of another.
- Валютный курс – это цена денежной единицы одной страны, выраженная в денежных единицах другой страны, при сделках купли-продажи. такая цена может устанавливаться исходя из соотношения спроса и предложения на определенную валюту в условиях свободного рынка
- Курс обмена одной валюты на другую.
- The rate at which the currency of one country or region can be traded against that of another country or region.
- The value of one exchange currency unit relative to another exchange currency unit.
- The price of one country`s currency expressed in another country`s currency.
- The price of one currency in terms of another. exchange rates can be fixed (value set by the government) or floating (value fluctuates according to the market). more generally the term can also refer to the price at which any good is being traded for another good.
- Валютный курс
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