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Phonetic alphabets
| Морской словарь |
[1] originally, a phonetic alphabet (or more properly phonetic notation) was a system for transcribing the sounds of human speech into writing as a guide to pronunciation. systems for true phonetic notation include the international phonetic alphabet (ipa) and speech assessment methods phonetic alphabet (sampa) a computer-readable and printable script based on ipa. [2] later, the name was appropriated by military and aviation interests to describe conventions for the identification of individual letters in radio and telephonic communication. standardized and easy to remember words represent letters of the alphabet, especially those which might otherwise be misunderstood or confused when verbally spelled out such as “m” and “n” or “f” and “s.” despite their name, such alphabets are not truly “phonetic” since they do not describe the sound of each letter but merely identify it. during world war i there was little inter-service or inter-allied communication, so national armies and navies each developed their own systems. in the second world war, however, combined operations were frequent and a joint version was adopted in 1942 by all allied armed forces except the british royal air force which maintained its own system for another year. in between the wars, the international telecommunications union (itu) introduced the first internationally- recognized phonetic alphabet. in spite of clumsy choice of multi-syllabic words, it was adopted by the international commission for air navigation, and was used by civil aviation until the 1950s, when a new version was developed by the international air transport association (iata). this version was adopted by the international civil aviation organization (icao), the united states federal aviation administration (faa), and the international maritime organization (imo), making it the most widely used civilian phonetic alphabet. however, it gained even greater prominence when it was taken over by the north atlantic treaty organization for its military communications. in consequence it is generally known as the nato version. although basically english, a few words were modified so that the system would be suitable for french or spanish pronunciation. for example, the english word alpha would be pronounced alpa in spanish, so alfa was substituted. similarly, french speakers would treat a single “t” as silent, so juliet was replaced by juliett, but not by the french juliette which spanish- speakers would read as juliet-uh. also, papa is pronounced with the accent on the second syllable. there are dozens of similar alphabets in official and unofficial use by various police forces and business organizations, including a number of ad hoc systems created by individual telecommunications operators using familiar words that sound right to them. the style and structure of selected english-language systems can be seen in table 11, which gives historical and current examples of two civil and five military alphabets.
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Alphabet, английский
- Devised for reasons of clarity in aviation voice radio, this is the current nato version in global use: alfa bravo charley delta echo foxtrot golf hotel india juliet kilo lima mike november oscar papa quebec romeo sierra tango uniform victor whisky x-ray
- N алфавит consonant ~ консонантное письмо (син. abjad) cyrillic ~ кириллический алфавит, кириллица glagolitic ~ глаголический алфавит, глаголица phonemic ~ фонемный алфавит phonetic ~ фонетический алфавит international p~ a~ международный фоне- тический алфавит; международная фоне- тическая транскрипция alphabetic(al)
- Алфавит
- An ordered set of characters which can be combined to form the ensembles, words or expressions of a language or to represent data. whereas an alphabet is finite, the number of expressions to which it gives rise to may not be. a binary alphabet recognizes only two characters, e.g.,. "0" or "1". the english alphabet has 26 characters and the japanese more than 4000. the term "alphabet" is also synonymous with "repertoire" (of symbols, states, behaviors) or with a set or collection (of elements) in finite mathematics. `- 3
Alphabet, английский
Alphabet agencies, английский
Многочисленные правительственные агентства, в сокращенных названиях которых задействованы все буквы алфавита alp – ana
Alphabet redundant code, английский
Код с избыточным алфавитом
Alphabet soup, английский
Речь или статья, изобилующая сокращениями also-ran спортсмен, не оказавшийся в тройке призеров, не занявший призового места лошадь, не вошедшая на скачках в тройку призеров, не занявшая призового места
Alphabet stock, английский
- Categories of common stock of a corporation associated with a particular subsidiary resulting from acquisitions and restructuring. the various alphabetical categories have different voting rights and pay dividends tied to the operating performance of the
- Categories of common stock of a corporation associated with a particular subsidiary resulting from acquisitions and restructuring. the various alphabetical categories have different voting rights and pay dividends tied to the operating performance of the particular divisions. see also: tracking stocks.
Alphabet yag, английский
Y3al5o12:ho3+,er3+,tm3+
Alphabetic, английский
Буквенный; алфавитный
Alphabetic addressing, английский
Символическая адресация
Alphabetic characters, английский
Alphabetic code, английский
Алфавитный код; буквенно-цифровой код
Alphabetic coding, английский
- Буквенное кодирование а/с alter course измените курс следования ас; а-с alternating current переменный ток
- Буквенное кодирование
Alphabetic data, английский
Алфавитные данные; буквенные данные
Alphabetic field, английский
Алфавитное поле
Alphabetic file, английский
Alphabetic item, английский
Буквенный элемент alphabetic-numeric буквенно-цифровой alphabetic orderалфавитный порядок
Alphabetic pointer, английский
Алфавитный указатель
Alphabetic print control, английский
Управление алфавитной печатью
Alphabetic printer, английский
Буквопечатающее устройство
Alphabetic sequence, английский
Алфавитная последовательность
Alphabetic sheet, английский
Установка регистра букв
Originally, английский
Первоначально
Transcribing, английский
Pronunciation, английский
N 1 произноше- ние, выговор, акцент (син. articulation); 2 фонетическая транскрипция (син. phonetic transcription) received p~ нормативное, литературное произношение1; оксфордское произношение2 (см. тж. bbc english, king’s english, queen’s english) proparoxytone n слово, в котором ударение па- дает на третий с конца слог (см. тж. antepenultimate)
International, английский
- Международный
- A интернацио- нальный; pseudo~ псевдоинтернациональный alphabet, language
- Профсоюз, имеющий первичные организации более чем в одной стране int – ist
Assessment, английский
- A tax levied on a property, or a value placed on the worth of a property.
- Additional charges added to a case
- Оценка.
- Оценка
- A tax, charge, or levy on property: 1. as a means of computing real estate tax; 2. to pay for specific services or improvements.
- Act of computing the tax due
- Оценка ~ of reliability of engineering
- Collection of binaries, scripts, configuration parameters, and manifest files used to perform measurements on a computer or windows image and to report results.
- A more detailed interview of a juvenile offender and review of his/her available medical, mental health, and chemical dependency records and other pertinent information by a professional meeting the state’s criteria for licensing and education in the respective field. attempt to locate (atl)- an attempt to locate (atl) may be issued to local law enforcement by a supervising parole agent when a parolee’s whereabouts is unknown and efforts are under way to locate the parolee. the atl may be issued prior to considering the parolee an absconder.
- Оценка имущества для обложения налогом
- By assessing the participant’s strengths and weaknesses, a coach can note how the physical, mental and spiritual position of the client may influence his/her ability to meet desired goals.
- Tools or methods used to evaluate an individual`s skills, abilities, and progress in a coaching or mentoring context.
Appropriated, английский
Rights. pi права первоочередного (по времени) водопользователя (сша)
Conventions, английский
Соглашения
Identification, английский
- Identification is the association of a particular record within a set of data with a particular population unit.
- Опознавание
- Идентификация; отбор необходимой информации для обработки; выбор массивов (документы оон)
- The act of discovering or stating who someone is or what something is identification with someone the act of associating with and unconsciously taking on the viewpoints and behaviours of one or more other people
- Идентификация определение, установление возбудителя.
- The correspondence between a largely behavioral model and the portion of reality it claims to represent. one can think of such models as having equations whose parameters must be chosen in order for the model to be specified. a parameter can either be assumed to have a certain value and is then hypothesized or it can be estimated (->estimation) from given data and is then said to be identified. a model may be under-identified when not all of its parameters are identified or it may be over-identified when there are two or more inconsistent estimates of a parameter.
- A unique identifier of an object or person.
- Proof or evidence that supports an identity claim.
- The process of mapping an object onto the supported identification schemas or getting the unique user identifier (uid). the operating system, iis, or commerce server usually provides this identification.
- Установление личности клиента
Individual, английский
Физическое лицо
Communication, английский
- Связь; связной
- (кан.) решение экспертизы
- N коммуни- кация; процесс передачи информации; mis~ недопонимание, непонимание | attr. комму- никативный disorder, impairment, strategy cross-cultural (intercultural) ~ межкультурная коммуникация non-verbal ~ невербальная, неречевая комму- никация verbal ~ вербальная, речевая коммуникация
- Передача (распространение) информации процесс информирования населения.
- Corresponding by letter, hail, or signal. (see line of communication and boyaux.)
- Loosely, the transmission of structure across systems differentiated in time and in space, the process by which one mind affects another, interaction mediated by signals, symbols or messages. more formally and in cybernetics, communication is that construct an observer requires when he cannot take a dynamic system apart without loss (->ana~ysis), yet wants to distinguish, understand and say something about that system`s parts, variables or members, or alternatively, when he wants to explain the behavior of anyone of its parts yet cannot accomplish this adequately without reference to other parts of the system. communication ~s what integrates and distinguishes the participation of individuals in such wholes as groups, communities, societies. a more detailed analysis of communication processes reveals that they involve patterns that convey information, are subjected to numerous constraints and are describable in terms of transformations, including encoding, decoding, (->coding), transmission, and distortions due to the characteristics of a channel. historically, communication. was thought of as a binary relation between a sender and a receiver. modern conceptions of communication include complex networks possibly with feedback loops having the effect of memory, coordination, and coorientation and exhibiting dynamic properties not manifest in, and explainable by, reference to the properties of the.communicators involved (->constructivism). communications (plural
Standardized, английский
Especially, английский
Misunderstood, английский
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Photonics mast, английский
A device similar in concept to a submarine periscope, that provides many benefits a periscope is unable to offer. it replaces line-of-sight viewing with equipment, similar to a digital camera, mounted on telescoping arms that are contained entirely within the sail without penetrating the pressure hull. the hull opening for cables is much smaller and more easily sealed, minimizing the risk of water leakage. moreover, being connected by flexible cables instead of rigid tubes, the control room need not be placed directly below the sail, but can be moved to a lower deck away from the hull’s curvature where there is more space. sailors throughout the boat can view color, highresolution black and white, or infrared images, on flatpanel displays; and these images can be shared with other ships in the theater, or with command centers ashore. however, photonic masts can not operate at the depths possible for floating fiber optic scanners.
The philadelphia experiment, английский
This is alleged to have been a usn attempt to investigate whether einstein’s unified field theory could be used to create “electronic camouflage” which would make vessels invisible to the eye and undetectable by enemy radar. tons of sophisticated electronic equipment are said to have been installed in place of the forward turret of destroyer escort uss eldridge (de 173) in order to generate an intense magnetic field. this was expected to bend light or radar waves around the vessel, much as the refraction of air over a hot road creates a mirage. tests are reported to have taken place at the philadelphia navy yard and at sea. at 0900 hours on 22nd july 1943 (so the story goes) power was turned on and a greenish fog slowly enveloped eldridge temporarily concealing her from view. when the fog dispersed, leaving only undisturbed water where the vessel had been, the watching naval officers and scientists were ecstatic. it seemed they had achieved not only a “cloak” of radar invisibility but visual disappearance as well. after fifteen minutes, they ordered the generators switched off (as these were on board eldridge, their radio command must have been able to penetrate the magnetic field even if radar could not!). the green fog reappeared, and then slowly dispersed disclosing the ship. disturbingly, crew members on eldridge’s deck were found to be completely disoriented and nauseous. navy scientists decided to repeat the experiment with another crew, using increased power to create a more intense magnetic field. according to legend, the second experiment developed very differently, and far more dangerously than they had anticipated. at 17:15 on 28th october the electromagnetic equipment was switched on again and eldridge gradually began to fade from view. suddenly, there was a blinding blue flash and the destroyer completely disappeared. seconds later, she was reportedly seen and identified at norfolk, virginia, 400 kilometers (250 miles) away. four hours after that, when the power on-board was turned off (by whom one might ask, and under whose orders?) the destroyer disappeared from norfolk as mysteriously as it had arrived and reappeared at philadelphia. believers in the story say the 1,240-ton ship had been dematerialized and transported using alien technology reverse-engineered from a crashed ufo. this time, it is said, several crew members had disappeared, several more had been “fused” to the metal of the ship’s structure, and the rest were violently sick with no recollection of what had happened. according to the legend, all who survived were discharged as “mentally unfit for duty” but, years later people claiming to have witnessed the experiment said they had began to “remember” details which had been erased from their memories. the office of naval research claims that records in the operational archives branch of the naval historical center have been repeatedly searched without turning up any evidence that any such event was ever attempted or achieved. in fact, the navy states that eldridge’s war diary indicates she was never in norfolk or philadelphia during the time frame of the reputed experiment. proponents of the story retort that this is another massive governmental cover-up similar to the manhattan project which developed the atomic bomb, but this time hiding experiments with alien technology, such as those reputed to have come from the capture of an unidentified flying object at roswell a few years later. who knows?
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