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Regression toward the mean, regression effect
| Glossary of Statistical Terms |
Suppose one measures two variables for each member of a group of individuals, and that the correlation coefficient of the variables is positive (negative). if the value of the first variable for that individual is above average, the value of the second variable for that individual is likely to be above (below) average, but by fewer standard deviations than the first variable is. that is, the second observation is likely to be closer to the mean in standard units. for example, suppose one measures the heights of fathers and sons. each individual is a (father, son) pair; the two variables measured are the height of the father and the height of the son. these two variables will tend to have a positive correlation coefficient: fathers who are taller than average tend to have sons who are taller than average. consider a (father, son) pair chosen at random from this group. suppose the father`s height is 3sd above the average of all the fathers` heights. (the sd is the standard deviation of the fathers` heights.) then the son`s height is also likely to be above the average of the sons` heights, but by fewer than 3sd (here the sd is the standard deviation of the sons` heights).
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Correlation, английский
- A measure of linear association between two (ordered) lists. two variables can be strongly correlated without having any causal relationship, and two variables can have a causal relationship and yet be uncorrelated.
- Соотношение; корреляция
- N корреляция, соответ- ствие regular ~s закономерные соответствия
- Корреляция
- Correlation is a statistical measure of the association between two attributes or types of events. it typically ranges from -1 to 1, with a -1 indicating a complete negative association (e.g., if one type of event occurs the other cannot), and a +1 indicating a complete posipage 66 tive association. for continuous attributes, the pearson correlation coefficient is computed as the ratio of the covariance between two attributes to the product of the attributes` standard errors. see also: covariance.
- To correlate, in a stratigraphic sense, is to show correspondence in character and in stratigraphic position between geographically separated stratigraphic sections or rock bodies. there are different kinds of correlation depending on the feature or property to be emphasized (see section 3.a.9 and lithocorrelation, biocorrelation, and chronocorrelation). coset. a sedimentary unit made up o f two or more sets, either o f strata or o f cross-strata, separated from other strata or cross-strata by original flat surfaces o f erosion, nondeposition, or abrupt change in character (mckee and weir, 1953, p. 384).
- Creating relationships between an email activity and other records by using the information from email headers.
- Statistical measure of the degree to which the movements of two variables (stock/option/convertible prices or returns) are related. see: correlation coefficient.
- The extent to which a relationship exists between two or more elements. often used in seo research to infer relationships of variables on search rankings due to the black box nature of algorithms. always remember, however, that correlation ≠ causation.
- A standardised measure, bounded between −1 and +1, of the strength of association between two variables.
Coefficient, английский
- Coefficient
- Коэффициент; множитель; параметр, индекс о ~ for nose
Individual, английский
Физическое лицо
Observation, английский
- Наблюдение; измерение
- Наблюдение; измерение оцт object задача; цель
- Observación
- The process of watching and examining a person or thing over a period of time she was admitted to hospital for observation.
- N наблюдение
- Наблюдение
- In nautical astronomy, denotes the taking the sun, moon, or stars` altitude with a quadrant or sextant, in order thereby to find the latitude or time; also, the lunar distances.
- [1] general; the act of measuring some magnitude with an instrument, such as the time of an occultation (with a clock); the right ascension of a star (with a transit instrument and clock); the sun’s altitude, or the distance of the moon from a star (with a sextant); the temperature (with a thermometer); etc. [2] nautical; a celestial sighting, taken in order to calculate a time or position. [3] the information so acquired.
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Conditional probability, английский
- Suppose we are interested in the probability that some event a occurs, and we learn that the event b occurred. how should we update the probability of a to reflect this new knowledge? this is what the conditional probability does: it says how the additional knowledge that b occurred should affect the probability that a occurred quantitatively. for example, suppose that a and b are mutually exclusive. then if b occurred, a did not, so the conditional probability that a occurred given that b occurred is zero. at the other extreme, suppose that b is a subset of a, so that a must occur whenever b does. then if we learn that b occurred, a must have occurred too, so the conditional probability that a occurred given that b occurred is 100%. for in-between cases, where a and b intersect, but b is not a subset of a, the conditional probability of a given b is a number between zero and 100%. basically, one "restricts" the outcome space s to consider only the part of s that is in b, because we know that b occurred. for a to have happened given that b happened requires that ab happened, so we are interested in the event ab. to have a legitimate probability requires that p(s) = 100%, so if we are restricting the outcome space to b, we need to divide by the probability of b to make the probability of this new s be 100%. on this scale, the probability that ab happened is p(ab)/p(b). this is the definition of the conditional probability of a given b, provided p(b) is not zero (division by zero is undefined). note that the special cases ab = {} (a and b are mutually exclusive) and ab = b (b is a subset of a) agree with our intuition as described at the top of this paragraph. conditional probabilities satisfy the axioms of probability, just as ordinary probabilities do.
- Условная вероятность
Linear operation, английский
Suppose f is a function or operation that acts on things we shall denote generically by the lower-case roman letters x and y. suppose it makes sense to multiply x and y by numbers (which we denote by a), and that it makes sense to add things like x and y together. we say that f is linear if for every number a and every value of x and y for which f(x) and f(y) are defined, (i) f( a×x ) is defined and equals a×f(x), and (ii) f( x + y ) is defined and equals f(x) + f(y). c.f. affine.
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