Отличительной особенностью нанотехнологий является их междисциплинарный характер - они объединяют физику, химию, биологию и другие научные дисциплины. В современном мире нанотехнологии играют все более важную роль в различных сферах науки и техники. Они открывают новые возможности для создания инновационных материалов, устройств и систем, которые могут применяться в медицине, электронике, энергетике и других отраслях.
| microfluidic device | A device that has one or more channels with at least one dimension less than 1 mm. common fluids used in microfluidic devices include whole blood samples, bacterial cell suspensions, protein or an... |
| microfluidics | A multidisciplinary field that studies the behavior of fluids at volumes thousands of times smaller than a drop. microfluidic components form the basis of “lab-on-a-chip” devices capable of perfor... |
| micromolding | A method of fabricating microsystems using tiny molds to cast materials. micromolding serves as an alternative to micromachining. see micromachining. |
| mocvd (metal-organic chemical vapor deposition) | A technique for growing thin layers of compound semiconductors in which metal-organic compounds are decomposed near the surface of a heated substrate wafer. |
| molecular imprinting | A process by which functional monomers are allowed to self-assemble around a template molecule and locked into place. the template molecule is then removed, leaving behind a cavity that is complem... |
| molecular machine | - Molecules that can be programmed with controllable movements after an energy input. this advance was awarded the nobel prize in chemistry 2016.
- A machine that is atomically precise ...
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| nanocharacterization | The understanding of the chemical and physical properties of atomic and nanoscale materials. |
| nanocomposites | Materials that result from the intimate mixture of two or more nanophase materials. see composite. |
| nanocrystalline materials | Solids with small domains of crystallinity within the amorphous phase. applications include optical electronics and solar cells. |
| nanoelectromechanical systems (nems) | A generic term to describe nanoscale electrical/mechanical devices. |
| nanofiber | A polymer membrane formed by electrospinning, with filament diameters of 150–200 nanometers. also called nanomesh, it is used in air and liquid filtration applications. |
| nano-flares | A class of spherical nucleic acids that can be used for intracellular mrna detection where dye-containing reporter strands indicate the presence of the target species at low concentrations. |
| nanofluidics | The control of nanoscale amounts of fluids. nanofluidics; |
| nanomachine | - A nanoscale device capable of performing mechanical movements due to responses to specific stimuli.
- An artificial molecular machine created through molecular manufacturing.
наномашина; |
| nanomanipulation | The process of manipulating items at an atomic or molecular scale in order to produce precise structures. наноманипуляция; |
| nanomaterials | Nanoscale particles, films, and composites designed and assembled in controlled ways. наноматериалы; |
| nanomedicine | The application of nanotechnology to solve medical problems. наномедицина; |
| nanoparticles | Particles ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers in diameter. semiconductor nanoparticles up to 20 nanometers in diameter are often called quantum dots, nanocrystals, or q-particles. |
| nanoporous materials | Engineered materials with nanoscale holes, used in filters, sensors, and diffraction gratings. in dna sequencing, nanoporous materials have tiny holes that allow dna to pass through one strand at ... |
| nanoremediation | Using nanomaterials to remove environmental pollutants. |
| nanoscale | Length scale applicable to nanotechnology (i.e., 1-100 nanometers). |
| nanoscience | The study of materials on the nanoscale. |
| nanosensor | A nanoscale device capable of detecting stimuli at the molecular level. |
| nanoshell | A nanoparticle that has a metallic shell surrounding a semiconductor. nanoshells are being investigated for use in treating cancer. |
| nanostructures | Structures made from nanomaterials. |
| nanotubes | Long, thin cylinders of carbon, discovered in 1991 by s. iijima. these large macromolecules are unique for their size, shape, and remarkable physical properties. they can be thought of as a sheet ... |
| nmr (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy | Analytical technique used to determine the structure of molecules. in nmr, the molecule is placed within a strong magnetic field to align the atomic nuclei. an oscillating electromagnetic field is... |
| noncovalent interactions | Interactions first recognized by j. d. van der waals in the nineteenth century. in contrast to the covalent interactions, noncovalent interactions are weak interactions that bind together differen... |
| phase transport | The movement of heat, mass, and momentum in a medium. |
| piezoelectrics | Dielectric crystal that produce a voltage when subjected to mechanical stress or can change shape when subjected to a voltage. |
| pi-stacking | An attractive noncovalent interaction between two aromatic rings which functions as a stabilizing force for dna duplex formation. |
| plasmid | - A circular (two-dimensional) double-stranded dna structure commonly found in bacteria that is distinct from chromosomal dna.
- Circular, double stranded, extrachromosomal dna of bacte...
плазмида; |
| polymer pen lithography (ppl) | A cantilever-free scanning probe lithography method for the high-throughput patterning of nanoscale features with controllable size. ppl uses pen arrays with as many as 2.8 million elastomer tips.... |
| pro sna | A type of spherical nucleic acid that uses a protein as the core to improve delivery of protein therapeutics. |
| programmable atomic equivalents (paes) | A class of dna-functionalized spherical or anisotropic nanostructures that can be likened to conventional atoms in the sense that the nanoparticle core represents the “atom” and the dna strands re... |
| proteomics | - The separation, identification, and characterization of the complete set of proteins present in the various cells of an organism; the design and construction of new proteins.
- The st...
протеомика; |
| quantum confinement effect | Atoms caged inside nanocrystals. |
| quantum dot | A nanoscale crystalline structure made from cadmium selenide that absorbs white light and then re-emits it a couple of nanoseconds later in a specific color. the quantum dot was originally investi... nd; qd; |
| raman spectroscopy | Analysis of the intensity of raman scattering, in which light is scattered as it passes through a material medium and suffers a change in frequency and a random alteration in phase. the resulting ... |
| rational vaccinology | Design strategy that relies on the structural composition of a vaccine in addition to vaccine component type to optimize vaccine effectiveness. |
| resists | Elements used in performing photolithography experiments. resists are polymer materials spun onto a substrate. when exposed to uv light, the polymer in the resist cross-links. when treated with a ... |
| rna (ribonucleic acid) | A long linear polymer of nucleotides found mainly in the cytoplasm of a cell that transmits genetic information from dna to the cytoplasm and controls certain chemical processes in the cell. |
| rna structures | Molecules that act as scaffolds upon which proteins are assembled to form functional ribosomes. rna structures include a variety of single-stranded and double-stranded structures that result in co... |
| rotaxane | A molecular machine developed by sir fraser stoddart in 1991 which led to him receiving the nobel prize in chemistry 2016. a molecular ring is programmed to surround and move along a molecular axl... |
| scanning electron microscope (sem) | - A microscope which uses a beam of electrons to take images of the surface of a material (see electron microscopy).
- A type of electron microscope that bounces electrons off of the sp...
сканирующий электронный микроскоп; |
| scanning probe block copolymer lithography (spbcl) | A cantilever-free scanning probe-based technique that uses block copolymer inks containing metal precursors for dpn or ppl that can be used to create megalibraries for exploring the materials geno... |
| scanning probe microscopy (spm) | Experimental techniques used to image both organic and inorganic surfaces with (near) atomic resolution. includes atomic force microscopes and scanning tunneling microscopes. |
| scanning tunneling microscope (stm) | A scanning probe microscopy instrument capable of revealing the structure of samples. the stm uses a sharp metal tip positioned over a conducting substrate with a small potential difference applie... сканирующий туннельный микроскоп (stm); |
| second-harmonic generation (shg) | The light that results when a beam of monochromatic light hits an asymmetrical surface. the second harmonic light is at a frequency twice that of the incident light and allows the study of surface... |
| self-assembled monolayers (sams) | Monomolecular films that form or self-assemble after immersing a substrate into a solution of an active surfactant. |
| self-assembly | At the molecular level, the spontaneous gathering of molecules into well-defined, stable, structures that are held together by intermolecular forces. in chemical solutions, self-assembly (also cal... самосборка; |
| self-repair | A property of a material where it can correct or fix defects within itself. |
| single-molecule studies | The analysis of individual molecular properties in contrast with the study of bulk properties. |
| single-source precursors | In materials science, the starting materials for semiconductor devices; powdered materials with uniform chemical composition throughout the mixture. |
| small-angle x-ray scattering (saxs) | A high-energy x-ray-based characterization technique used to analyze the structural properties (i.e., periodicity and spacing) of the unit cells that make up nanocrystalline materials. |
| sol-gel materials | Gels, glasses, and ceramic powders synthesized through the sol-gel process; organic-inorganic composite materials. |
| sol-gel process | A chemical synthesis technique for preparing gels, glasses, and ceramic powders generally involving the use of metal alkoxides. |
| solid-state reactions | Transformations that occur in and between solids and between solids and other phases to produce solids. |
| spherical nucleic acid | Nanostructures that typically consist of a densely packed, highly oriented, radial arrangement of nucleic acids affixed at one end to a three-dimensional, spherical nanoparticle core. |
| sticky end | An overhanging region of unpaired nucleotides at the end of a dna duplex. |
| strand displacement | A process that occurs when a dna strand, usually with a larger number of complementary bases, replaces the original strand on duplexed dna. |
| superhydrophobicity | Extreme water repellence. see hydrophobic effect. |
| supramolecular synthesis | The formation of molecular complexes through non-covalent interactions. |
| synthetic methods | Techniques for the design and creation of new materials in the laboratory. |
| template synthesis | The engineered design and creation of materials of controlled size, shape, and surface chemistry. |
| top-down assembly | The process of removing material from a larger structure to create smaller ones. see also bottom-up assembly. |
| transmission electron microscopy (tem) | The use of electron high-energy beams to achieve magnification close to atomic observation. see electron microscopy. |
| uv/vis (ultraviolet-visible) spectroscopy/spectrophotometry | Method to determine concentrations of an absorbing species in solution. this technique uses light in the visible and adjacent near ultraviolet (uv) and near infrared (nir) ranges to achieve this q... |
| vesicles | In cell biology, a relatively small and enclosed compartment, separated from the cytosol by at least one lipid bilayer. vesicles store, transport, or digest cellular products and wastes. |
| watson-crick pairing | The hydrogen bonding motifs behind the programmable specificity of dna-dna interactions, where nucleobases will preferentially bind with their complements (i.e., adenine pairs with thymine and cyt... |
| weak link approach (wla) | A supramolecular coordination-based chemistry approach, where an effector molecule is used to selectively and reversibly break a weak metal-ligand bond in a large molecular structure, opening a na... |
| young’s modulus (polymers) | A material property which characterizes its ease of deformation. |
| волокно, оптическое |
ов; |
| фкв | Волокно, фотонно-кристаллическое волокно, фотонно-кристаллическое; |
| волокно, фотонно-кристаллическое |
фкв; |
| глк | Гликокаликс гликокаликс; |
| гликокаликс |
глк; glycocalyx; |
