| enclosed laser device | Any laser or laser system located within an enclosure which does not permit hazardous optical radiation emission from the enclosure. the laser inside is termed an "embedded laser". |
| closed installation | Any location where lasers are used which will be closed to unprotected personnel during laser operation. |
| open installation | Any location where lasers are used which will be open to operating personnel during laser operation and may or may not specifically restrict entry to observers. |
| drift (angular) | Any unintended change in direction of the beam before, during, and after warm-up; measured in mrad. |
| excited state | Atom with an electron in a higher energy level than it normally occupies. |
| pointing errors | Beam movement and divergence, due to instability within the laser or other optical distortion. |
| photosensitizers | Chemical substances or medications which increase the sensitivity of the skin or eye to irradiation by optical radiation, usually to uv. |
| articulated arm | Co2 laser beam delivery device consisting of a series of hollow tubes and mirrors interconnected in such a manner as to maintain alignment of the laser beam along the path of the arm. |
| stimulated emission | - Coherent emission of radiation, stimulated by a photon absorbed by an atom (or molecule) in its excited state. also, when an atom, ion, or molecule capable of lasing is
- A quantum ef...
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| active medium | Collection of atoms or molecules which can be stimulated to a population inversion, and emit electromagnetic radiation in a stimulated emission. |
| vaporization | - Conversion of a solid or liquid into a vapor.
- Парообразование, испарение
- The process in which a substance changes from a solid or liquid into a gas.
превращение в пар; парообразования; испарение; парообразование; выпаривание; парообразование; испарение; выпаривание; |
| spontaneous emission | - Decay of an excited atom to a ground or resting state by the random emission of one photon. the decay is determined by the lifetime of the excited state.
- A quantum effect, causing t...
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| absorption coefficient factor | Describes light`s ability to be absorbed per unit of path length. |
| emergent beam diameter | Diameter of the laser beam at the exit aperture of the system in centimeters (cm) defined at 1/e or 1/e2 irradiance points. |
| ultraviolet (uv) radiation | Electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths between soft x-rays and visible violet light, often broken down into uv-a (315-400 nm), uv-b (280-315 nm) and uv-c (100-280 nm). |
| interstellar scintillation | Electromagnetic waves as they propagate though the interstellar media suffer frequency-selective fading. the resulting corrupted signal is said to undergo scintillation effects. the higher the mod... |
| diffraction limited | Electromagnetic waves diffract around the edges of opaque objects, or on passing through or reflecting off a finite aperture, like a dish, lens or mirror. even if such a wave is perfectly collimat... |
| enhanced pulsing | Electronic modulation of a laser beam to produce high peak power at the initial stage of the pulse. this allows rapid vaporization of the material without heating the surrounding area. such pulses... |
| superpulse | Electronic pulsing of the laser-driving circuit to produce a pulsed output (250-1000 times per second), with peak powers per pulse higher than the maximum attainable in the continuous wave mode. a... |
| radiant energy (q) | Energy in the form of electromagnetic waves usually expressed in units of joules (watt-seconds). |
| diachronic filter | Filter that allows selective transmission of colors desired wavelengths. |
| fluence | - Fluence measures the laser energy absorbed per unit of area treated. fluence is affected by beam energy / power density, laser pulse duration, wavelength and absorption of the tissue. fluence ...
плотность; |
| fraunhofer lines | Fraunhofer was the inventor of the diffraction grating. he assigned letters to the black absorption lines in the solar spectrum. these resonance lines arise from energy absorption by elements in t... |
| energy source | High voltage electricity, radio waves, flashes of light, or another laser used to excite the laser medium. |
| laser class | In order to regulate laser safety, the center for devices & radiological health (cdrh) classifies lasers into different categories based on wavelength and output power. laser diode module |
| infrared spectrum (ir) | Invisible electromagnetic radiation between 0.7-1,000 [μm]. |
| infrared radiation (ir) | Invisible electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths which lie within the range of wavelength from 700 nm to 1mm. this region is often broken up into ir-a, ir-b, and ir-c. |
| radiant energy | - Laser energy emitted, expressed in joules (j).
- The amount of watts reaching a given point accumulated over a given
- Energy emitting as electromagnetic waves. also called r...
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| power density | - Laser output per unit area, such as watts per square centimeter (w/cm2).
- Intensity or power per unit frequency interval
- The ratio of the power available from a battery to...
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| radiant power | - Laser power emitted, expressed in watts (w).
- Total radiant energy emitted per unit time.
- See radiant flux.
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| accessible radiation | Laser radiation that can expose human eye or skin in normal usage. |
| current regulation | Laser system regulation in which discharge current is kept constant. регулирование тока;; стабилизация тока;; |
| lenses | - Lenses are devices that redirect light. in photography, lenses are used to focus an image for the film. holographers use lenses to widen a laser`s beam to illuminate the entire object being ho...
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| visible radiation | Light - electromagnetic radiation which can be detected by the human eye. it is commonly used to describe wavelengths which lie in the range between 400 nm and 700 nm. the peak of the human spectr... |
| afocal | Literally, "without a focal length"; an optical system with its object and image point at infinity. |
| ground state | Lowest energy level of an atom or molecule. основное состояние; |
| aversion response | Movement of the eyelid or the head to avoid an exposure to a noxious stimulant, such as bright light. it can occur within 0.25 seconds and it includes the blink reflex time. aversion response acti... |
| nanosecond | - One billionth of a second. longer than a picosecond or femtosecond, but shorter than a microsecond. associated with q-switched lasers.
- A unit of measurement of time equal to one tho...
наносекунда; |
| reflection hologram | One that forms an image by reflected light. reflection holograms are lit from the front, reflecting the light to the viewer. |
| transmission hologram | One that forms an image from the light passing through the holographic emulsion. transmission holograms are lit from behind, bending the light as it passes through the hologram to your eyes. |
| laser safety officer (lso) | One who has authority to monitor and enforce measures to the control of laser hazards, and effect the knowledgeable evaluation and control of laser hazards. |
| pulse mode | Operation of a laser when the beam is intermittently on in fractions of a second. |
| integrated radiance | Product of the exposure duration times the radiance. also known as pulsed radiance. |
| irradiance (e) | Radiant flux (radiant power) per unit area incident upon a given surface. units |
| adaptive optics | Recent advances in deformable mirror technology and laser guide stars allows most of the distortion produced by the atmosphere to be removed. this results in near diffraction-limited performance o... |
| injection laser | See diode laser. a type of laser which produces its output from semiconductor materials such as gaas. |
| optical cavity (resonator) | Space between the laser mirrors where lasing action occurs. |
| longitudinal (axial) modes | Specific wavelengths in the laser output, determined by standing waves within the laser cavity. only longitudinal modes under the laser gain curve, above the laser threshold, are found in the lase... |
| gaussian curve | Statistical curve showing a peak with normal even distribution on either side. may either be a sharp peak with steep sides, or a blunt peak with shallower sides. used to show power distribution in... |
| continuous wave (cw) constant | Steady-state delivery of laser power |
| diffuse reflection | - Takes place when different parts of a beam incident on a surface are reflected over a wide range of angles in accordance with lambert`s law. the intensity will fall off as the inverse of the s...
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| plasma shield | The ability of plasma to stop transmission of laser light. |
| apparent visual angle | The angular subtense of the source as calculated from the source size and distance from the eye. it is not the beam divergence of the source. |
| limiting angular subtense | The apparent visual angle which divides intrabeam viewing from extended-source viewing. |
| nominal ocular hazard distance (nohd) | The axial beam distance from the laser where the exposure or irradiance falls below the applicable exposure limit. |
| laser oscillation | The buildup of the coherent wave between laser cavity end mirrors producing standing waves. |
| energy (q) | The capacity for doing work. energy is commonly used to express the output from pulsed lasers and it is generally measured in joules (j). the product of power (watts) and duration (seconds). one w... |
| beam diameter | The distance between diametrically opposed points in the cross section of a circular beam where the intensity is reduced by a factor of 1/e (0.368) of the peak level (for safety standards). the va... диаметр пучка; |
| continuous mode | The duration of laser exposure is controlled by the user (by foot or hand switch). |
| electric vector | The electric field associated with a light wave which has both direction and amplitude. |
| ruby laser | - The first laser type; a crystal of sapphire (aluminum oxide) containing trace amounts of chromium oxide as an active medium.
- The optically pumped, solid-state laser that uses sapphi...
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| transverse mode | The geometry of the power distribution in a cross section of a laser beam. |
| laser accessories | The hardware and options available for lasers, such as secondary gases, brewster windows, q-switches, electronic shutters, and optical components used to control laser radiation. |
| leading edge spike | The initial pulse in a series of pulsed laser emissions, often useful in starting a reaction at the target surface. the trailing edge of the laser power is used to maintain the reaction after the ... |
| maximum permissible exposure (mpe) | The level of laser radiation to which person may be exposed without hazardous effect or adverse biological changes in the eye or skin. |
| object beam | The light from a laser beam that illuminated the object and is reflected to the holographic film. |
| tem00 | The lowest order transverse mode possible. the power distribution across the beam is of a bell-shaped (gaussian) shape. |
| accessible emission | The magnitude of accessible laser (or other collateral) radiation of a specific wavelength or emission duration at a particular point as measured by appropriate methods and devices. also means rad... |
| spot size | The mathematical measurement of the radius of the laser beam. |
| accessible emission limit | The maximum accessible emission level limit (ael) permitted within a particular class. ael is determined as the product of accessible emission times the maximum permissible exposure (mpe) using th... |
| limiting aperture | The maximum circular area over which radiance and radiant exposure can be averaged when determining safety hazards. |
| current saturation | The maximum flow of electrical current in a conductor; in a laser, the point at which further electrical input will not increase laser output. |
| fan angle | The measure of angular spread of a line-generating laser. the fan angle determines the line length produced at a certain distance. calpac line-generating lasers have a 90° fan angle. a 90° fan ang... |
| combiner mirror | The mirror in a laser which combines two or more wavelengths into a coaxial beam. |
| resonator | The mirrors (or reflectors) making up the laser cavity, including the laser rod or tube. the mirrors reflect light back and forth to build up amplification. резонатор; |
| mach-zehnder interferometer (mzi) | The most common form of interferometer consisting of a fiber optic or integrated optic device that contains an optical power splitter and combiner. there are two distinct optical paths between the... |
| nominal hazard zone (nhz) | The nominal hazard zone describes the space within which the level of the direct, reflected, or scattered radiation during normal operation exceeds the applicable mpe. exposure levels beyond the b... |
