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Washington naval treaties
| Морской словарь |
After world war i, a naval arms race threatened to get out of hand, britain still had the world’s largest navy, closely followed by the united states, and more distantly by japan. france and italy had much smaller but growing navies, while the german fleet had been scuttled at scapa flow and new naval construction was tightly controlled by the treaty of versailles. in november 1921, u.s. president harding convened a international conference on naval arms limitation, commonly known as the washington conference. at its conclusion in february 1922 nine treaties were executed, two of which directly controlled naval armament. the first was a five-power agreement between britain, france, italy, japan, and the united states, that restricted the use of submarines in naval warfare and outlawed asphyxiating gases. a second agreement between the same powers specified that no battleship could exceed 35,000 tons or carry a gun greater than 16-inch (406 mm), while aircraft carriers were limited to 27,000 tons (except that each signatory could have two of up to 33,000 tons each). the treaty also required the united states to scrap 845,000 tons of existing warships, britain 583,000 tons, and japan 480,000 tons, and it set the following limits on each signatory’s total tonnage of major warships: 351 washington rate guns decks complement 1st 100+ 3 850+ 2nd 90–98 3 700–750 3rd 64–80 2 500–650 4th 50–60 2 320–450 5th 32–40 1 200–300 6th 20–28 1 100–140 vessels rated 1 to 3 were ships of the line, while 4 to 6 were frigates. unrated single-decker vessels included sloops of war with 16 to 18 guns and crews of 90 to 130, gun brigs carrying 1 to 18 guns and 30 to 50 men, and cutters with 6 or more small guns and crews of up to 25 men. the terms of the washington treaty were modified by the london naval treaties of 1930 and 1936. italy secretly exceeded the restrictions, and in 1936 japan officially renounced them. finally world war ii made the whole concept of arms control obsolete. washington’s tomb: see mount vernon.
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Construction, французский
Controlled, английский
- Управляемый; регулируемый
- Управляемый
- Подконтрольный (о предприятиях)
Versailles, английский
Г. версаль {франция)
International, английский
- Международный
- A интернацио- нальный; pseudo~ псевдоинтернациональный alphabet, language
- Профсоюз, имеющий первичные организации более чем в одной стране int – ist
Conference, английский
- Система обмена сообщениями в компьютерных сетях, дискуссия круга людей по определенной теме
- An affiliation of shipowners operating over the same route(s) who agree to charge uniform rates and other terms of carriage. a conference is "closed" if one can enter only by the consent of existing members of the conference. it is "open" if anyone can enter by meeting certain technical and financial standards. conference members are common carriers.
- A conversation between three or more people, where the communications technology is unknown or not specified.
- A screen showing an active conference call.
- A telephone conversation between three or more people.
- A toolbar button that provides the user with the service that allows three or more persons to converse together in a phone call.
- An association of sports teams that play each other.
Limitation, английский
- (ам.) признак изобретения; недостаток прототипа
- Признак изобретения; недостаток прототипа
- Ограничение
- Ограничение; предел
- Давность
Washington, английский
- Шт. вашингтон {сша)
- Г. вашингтон {столица сша)
Conclusion, английский
- Вывод;
- Вывод; умозаключение
Restricted, английский
Placed on a list that dictates that the trader may not maintain positions, solicit business, or provide indications in a stock, but may serve as broker in agency trades after being properly cleared. traders are so restricted due to investment bank involvement with the company on nonpublic activity (i.e., mergers and acquisitions defense), affiliate ownership, or underwriting activities; signified on the quotron by a flashing "r." a restricted list and the stocks on it should never be conveyed to anyone outside of the trading areas, much less outside the firm. see: grey list.
Battleship, английский
- A type of large, heavily armored warship of the second half of the 19th century and first half of the 20th century armed with heavy-caliber guns, designed to fight other battleships in a line of battle. it was the successor to the ship-of-the-line of the age of sail.
- [1] a sailing ship-of-the-line. [2] the most heavily-armed and armored of power-driven warships (cf. dreadnought).
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Watch below, английский
Refers to watchkeepers who are not on duty; therefore free to eat, sleep, or otherwise amuse themselves.
Warship rating, английский
From the late 17th to early 19th century, ships of the royal navy were classified according to the number of cannon they carried. until 1817, carronades were not counted, even though from one to a dozen of these heavy (24- or 32-pounder) weapons might be on board. complements were increased by 15 men for a rear- admiral’s flagship, 20 for a vice-admiral’s, and 25 for an admiral’s. all rated vessels (and post-ships) were commanded by a post-captain. the larger unrated ships and those en flute (rated vessels with some guns removed for use as transports) were captained by commanders. smaller vessels were usually commanded by lieutenants, but very small craft might be commanded by midshipmen or masters mates. (see also super frigates.)
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