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Warned
| Морской словарь |
“though we have not alway war upon the sea, yet it shall be necessary that the king have alway some fleet upon the sea for the repressing of rovers, saving of our merchants, our fishers, and the dwellers upon our coasts.” he went unheeded and, by the turn of the sixteenth century, henry vii only had about a dozen warships in service. however, when henry viii was crowned in 1509, the growing naval power of scotland was both an affront to his prestige and a threat to the realm. henry quickly built up the navy royal as it was then known. by his death in 1547 it had grown to 58 state-of-the-art vessels supported by an administration with storehouses and dockyards, but his successors allowed it to decline again, and elizabeth i inherited only 27 royal warships in 1558. at this time, the english—whose early impact on the spanish empire had been modest, compared to that of the scots, french, and dutch—had achieved a remarkably rapid transformation from coastal traders and fishermen to blue water navigators. english shipwrights were designing heavily-armed galleon-type vessels with fine underwater lines, which made them fast, weatherly, and maneuverable, although at the expense of cargo space. however, instead of building up the navy royal, queen elizabeth encouraged private enterprise, in effect piracy, against spain’s new atlantic empire. when spain counter-attacked with its armada of 1588 the fleets of england, both royal and private, were mobilized to successfully defend the realm. the navy royal changed little in size from elizabeth’s death in 1603 to the accession in 1625 of king charles i who began to build up his fleet. by 1633 there were 50 king’s ships, but financial problems and poor administration saw this reduced to forty-two by 1642 when civil war broke out and the fleet declared for parliament. the commonwealth (republican) regime then created the most powerful and effectively run fleet britain had yet seen. this magnificent new force proved itself fighting the dutch and spanish and, when monarchy was restored in 1660, charles ii inherited 154 ships crewed and administered by permanent professional officers and bureaucrats. the royal navy had come of age, but still had a powerful french fleet to contend with. the latter fell apart after the excesses of the revolution and, from the late 18th until the early 20th century, britain was unquestionably the most powerful maritime force in the world. then, under the 1922 washington naval treaties it was co-equal with the united states navy, until world war ii brought the latter’s exponential expansion to superpower status. during word war ii naval operations in atlantic and european waters were overwhelmingly british and canadian, while the indian ocean conflict was entirely british. the pacific naval war was overwhelmingly a united states commitment but, as the european war wound down, britain was finally able to muster a pacific fleet. the bpf was the largest force ever put to sea by the royal navy, with its “sharp end” consisting of six fleet, four light, and nine escort carriers, supported by four battleships, ten cruisers, two maintenance carriers, hundreds of lesser warships, and a huge fleet train. however, the torch of maritime supremacy had been passed, u.s. naval expansion had been so great that the bpf served under american command as one of seven task forces in the fifth and later third fleet. royal navy sailors’ fund: this charity was established by the british admiralty when it ended the daily rum ration on “black tot day” in 1970. it was royal 268 initially capitalized by the money which would have been used to buy the next two year’s supply of rum for the entire navy, and receives an ongoing inflow of funds from the voluntary donation of a share of the profits of the commercial sale of “pusser’s rum” which is blended from the same five west indian rums formerly used for the navy issue. the “tot fund,” as it is familiarly known, provides financial assistance to serving seamen of the royal navy, and has made donations to the united states navy memorial foundation, the royal naval foundation, and numerous other maritime- connected institutions.
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Repressing, английский
Administration, английский
- Администрация, руководство
- 1) назначение (лекарственного средства); 2) прием, введение (лекарственного средства). 1) в русском языке в зависимости от контекста термин может означать, что препарат: назначен врачом, но неизвестно, принял ли его пациент (например, при клинических исследованиях в амбулаторной практике); 2) попал внутрь организма пациента (например, принят внутрь, введен внутримышечно или внутривенно). комментарий. в случае (2) лучше переводить по смыслу: «введение» - для инъекционных или ректальных лекарственных форм, «прием» - для пероральных форм или, например, «закапан в глаз», «приклеен накожный пластырь» и т.д.
- The management of logistics, repairs, maintenance, training, and other naval activities not directly concerned with strategy or tactics.
- Управление по технике безопасности и гигиене труда
- A feature of microsoft office live web sites and shared sites that allows users to restore their web site or shared sites from backups maintained on microsoft servers. this feature also allows users to switch to microsoft frontpage for creating their web pages and to select a time zone for their shared sites.
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Royal united services institute, английский
Claiming to be “the professional forum in the uk for those concerned with national and international defence and security,” the rusi is believed to be the oldest organization of its kind in the world, having been founded in 1831 by the duke of wellington and granted its royal charter in 1860. the latter charges it with “the promotion and study of naval and military sciences and literature.”
Royal naval association, английский
This british fraternal society was granted a royal charter in 1954. with the motto “once navy always navy,” it aims to preserve naval traditions and the well-being of the service, to perpetuate the memory of deceased naval personnel, to foster comradeship among those who serve or have served in british and commonwealth naval forces, and to provide financial relief from conditions of need, hardship or distress suffered by those who serve or have served and their dependants.
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