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Consensus (general)
| Глоссарий по криптовалютам и блокчейну |
A fundamental problem in distributed computing is to achieve overall system reliability in the presence of a number of faulty processes. this often requires processes to agree on some data value that is needed during computation. the consensus problem requires agreement among a number of processes for a single data value. some of the processes may fail or be unreliable in other ways, so consensus protocols must be fault tolerant. the processes must somehow put forth their candidate values, communicate with one another, and agree on a single consensus value. the bitcoin blockchain uses electricity to ensure the security of the system. it creates an economic system where you can only participate by incurring costs, proof of work (pow). you do that for the possibility of reward/bitcoin. if you spend money, and you play fair by the rules, you get money back. if you cheat, you lose money. it doesn’t pay to cheat. this simple game theoretical equilibrium is the core of the bitcoin consensus algorithm
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(general)", французский
"1) documento que describe la organización, los responsables, las acciones y los procedimientos a realizar en una situación de crisis o de urgencia.
Consensu omnium, латинский
С общего согласия
Consensual dating, английский
Consensual dispute resolution, английский
Разрешение споров по взаимному согласию
Consensus, латинский
(лат.) – согласованность; consensus gentium, consensus omnium — согласие народов, согласие всех, которое стоиками, цицероном и философами шотландской школы использовалось в качестве доказательства. см. также аргумент.
Consensus, английский
- Консенсус механизм консенсуса – основная практика принятия решений в вто, унаследованная от гатт
- Консенсус; согласие
- General agreement, characterized by the absence of sustained opposition to substantial issues by any important part of the concerned interests and by a process that involves seeking to take into account the views of all parties concerned and to reconcile any conflicting arguments. (iso) consensus need not imply unanimity. (iso) consensus
- It`s tempting to spell this with a "c" because we know the word "census." but census has nothing to do with consensus. in fact, it actually comes straight from the latin word consensus (meaning agreement or common feeling).
Consensus (bitcoin’s process consensus), английский
Developers suggest bitcoin improvements/modifications, small or big, proposals on github, bitcointalk, reddit, mailing lists, etc. discussion on this level is critical to enable smooth runtime consensus transitions.modifications with reference implementations get tested on the testnet. after successful testing deveopers implement the changes into the bitcoin software. who has a say in the consensus process?: (1) software developers (do the reference implementations), (2) miners (runtime consensus for mining blocks), (3) exchanges (they run nodes that validate transactions), (4) wallet companies (create transactions run on nodes), (5) merchants (merchant processing also through nodes)
Consensus forecast, английский
The mean of all financial analysts` forecasts for a company.
Consensus management, английский
A form of management which aims to get everyone to agree on what actions should be taken
Consensus omnium, латинский
Consensus omnium, английский
Consensus point, английский
A point – either in time, or defined in terms of a set number or volume of records to be added to the ledger – where peers meet to agree the state of the ledger.
Consensus procedures, английский
The rules and regulations ofa recognized or duly appoihted authority that pertain to the development of standards
Consensus process, английский
The process a group of peers responsible for maintaining a distributed ledger use to reach consensus on the ledger’s contents.
Consensus rating, английский
The average of analysts recommendations for a single entity. as many brokers have different ratings systems, their recommendations must be standardized so that a consensus can be calculated. the i/b/e/s ratings are calculated using a standard set of recom
Consensus tree, английский
Consensus value, английский
Согласованное значение. см. value (значение).
Consensus [us, m], латинский
Consensus, us, m, латинский
Fundamental, английский
- A основной; ко- ренной; базисный, главный, существенный frequency fusing a использующий фузию
- The lowest frequency in a complex sound wave.
Distributed, английский
- Распредел
- Распределенный; рассредоточенный
- Сотри t i ng en v i ronmen t распределенные вычисления
- New treasury issues in dealers` hands are said to be distributed.
Reliability, английский
- Надежность
- Engineering, analysis and planning планирование и технический анализ надежности
- Достоверность
- Достоверность; надежность
- Надёжность, безотказность (в эксплуатации)
- Надежность. степень, с которой эксперимент, испытание или методика измерений дают точные результаты в повторяющихся испытаниях [36].
- Electric system reliability has two components
- Generally, invulnerability to potentially corrupting influences. specifically
- The likelihood of a computer system or device continuing to function over a given period of time and under specified conditions.
- Reliability has two components: adequacy and security. the former involves ensuring that supply is available to meet demand at dispersed points of consumption. in network industries, storage can be costly-requiring adequate capacity to transportservices (electricity or telecommunications signals) to final consumers. security is characterized by the system’s ability to withstand sudden, unanticipated disturbances, as when a transmission line suddenly becomes unavailable or particular links or production nodes are disrupted.
- In general: reliability is the degree of performance according to imposed standards or expectations. electrical reliability is the absence of unplanned interruptions of the current by, for example, shortage of supply capacity or by failures in parts of the grid. reliability differs from security and from fl uctuations in power quality due to impulses or harmonics. renewable energy – see energy
- "the ability of an item to perform a required function under given conditions for a given time interval.
- A measure of how trustworthy a test is.
- Being dependable or consistent
- Being dependable or consistent having the same results after many tests
Computation, английский
- Вычисление; расчет сомртм`т compartment помещение; отсек
- Вычисление
- Вычисление, расчёт о to
- The process of computing
- Исчисление
Communicate, английский
Blockchain, английский
- A blockchain is a type of distributed ledger, comprised of unchangable, digitally recorded data in packages called blocks (rather like collating them on to a single sheet of paper). each block is then ‘chained’ to the next block, using a cryptographic signature. this allows block chains to be used like a ledger, which can be shared and accessed by anyone with the appropriate permissions.
- Shared, trusted, public ledger of transactions, that everyone can inspect but which no single user controls. it is a cryptographed, secure, tamper resistant distributed database. it solves a complex mathematical problem to exist. a blockchain is a perfect place to store value, identities, agreements, property rights, credentials, etc. once you put something like a bitcoin into it, it will stay there forever. it is decentralized, disintermediated, cheap and censorship resistant. applications of blockchain: bitcoin (cryptocurrency), namecoin (wants to replace the entire dns system of the internet), or sia (a decentralized cloud storage), ethereum (turing complete virtual machine where you can run any smart contract); any centralized service like ebay, dropbox can potentially be built in a decentralized way using blockchain technology, considerably lowering transaction costs
- Think of blockchain as a database or a spreadsheet. but a really special spreadsheet. there`s no centralized master copy. instead, it`s shared on many computers. it`s special because you can only add to it. there`s no editing of history. the database is divided into chronological sub-sheets. these are the blocks. the last line of any block summarizes all of the data in the block, and ч and this is pretty important ч appears as the first line of the next block. if anyone tries to edit a block, the last line will change and will not match the first line of the next block. the network sees this corrupted block and immediately replaces it. this ingenious trick makes it futile to rewrite history and guarantees an unprecedented degree of security. blockchain was invented by haber and stornetta in 1991 but made famous in the satoshi nakamoto`s bitcoin paper.
Electricity, английский
- Электричество
- Energy resulting from the flow of charge particles, such as electrons or ions.
- The movement of electrons (a subatomic particle), produced by a voltage, through a conductor.
- Energy resulting from the flow of charged particles, such as electrons or ions.
- The fl ow of passing charge through a conductor, driven by a difference in voltage between the ends of the conductor. electrical power is generated by work from heat in a gas or steam turbine or from wind, oceans or falling water, or produced directly from sunlight using a photovoltaic device or chemically in a fuel cell. being a current, electricity cannot be stored and requires wires and cables for its transmission (see grid). because electric current fl ows immediately, the demand for electricity must be matched by production in real time.
Participate, английский
Possibility, английский
Возможность
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Hardfork, английский
A hardfork is a change to the blockchain protocol that makes previously invalid blocks/transactions valid, and therefore requires all users to upgrade their clients. the most recent example of a hardfork in public blockchains is the ethereum hardfork which happened on july 21st, 2016. the hardfork changed the ethereum protocol, therefore second blockchain emerged(ethereum classic, etc) which supports the old ethereum protocol. in order to continue existing etc needs miners, which would validate the transactions on the blockchain
Private blockchains, английский
A fully private blockchain is a blockchain where write permissions are kept centralized to one organization. read permissions may be public or restricted to an arbitrary extent. likely applications include database management, auditing, etc. internal to a single company, and so public readability may not be necessary in many cases at all, though in other cases public auditability is desired
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