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Private blockchains
| Глоссарий по криптовалютам и блокчейну |
A fully private blockchain is a blockchain where write permissions are kept centralized to one organization. read permissions may be public or restricted to an arbitrary extent. likely applications include database management, auditing, etc. internal to a single company, and so public readability may not be necessary in many cases at all, though in other cases public auditability is desired
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Blockchain, английский
- A blockchain is a type of distributed ledger, comprised of unchangable, digitally recorded data in packages called blocks (rather like collating them on to a single sheet of paper). each block is then ‘chained’ to the next block, using a cryptographic signature. this allows block chains to be used like a ledger, which can be shared and accessed by anyone with the appropriate permissions.
- Shared, trusted, public ledger of transactions, that everyone can inspect but which no single user controls. it is a cryptographed, secure, tamper resistant distributed database. it solves a complex mathematical problem to exist. a blockchain is a perfect place to store value, identities, agreements, property rights, credentials, etc. once you put something like a bitcoin into it, it will stay there forever. it is decentralized, disintermediated, cheap and censorship resistant. applications of blockchain: bitcoin (cryptocurrency), namecoin (wants to replace the entire dns system of the internet), or sia (a decentralized cloud storage), ethereum (turing complete virtual machine where you can run any smart contract); any centralized service like ebay, dropbox can potentially be built in a decentralized way using blockchain technology, considerably lowering transaction costs
- Think of blockchain as a database or a spreadsheet. but a really special spreadsheet. there`s no centralized master copy. instead, it`s shared on many computers. it`s special because you can only add to it. there`s no editing of history. the database is divided into chronological sub-sheets. these are the blocks. the last line of any block summarizes all of the data in the block, and ч and this is pretty important ч appears as the first line of the next block. if anyone tries to edit a block, the last line will change and will not match the first line of the next block. the network sees this corrupted block and immediately replaces it. this ingenious trick makes it futile to rewrite history and guarantees an unprecedented degree of security. blockchain was invented by haber and stornetta in 1991 but made famous in the satoshi nakamoto`s bitcoin paper.
Private, немецкий
Private, английский
- Pilot`s licence свидетельство летчика-любителя
- Частный, индивидуального пользования или владения
- The proper designation of a soldier serving in the ranks of the army, holding no special position.
- [1] said of a soldier, seaman or marine holding no rank. [2] non-governmental.
- Частный; собственный; личный; скрытый; закрытый
- A button that can be tapped during a conference call to have a private conversation with one person on the call.
- A status message displayed when the caller id of an incoming call is blocked.
Private (adj), английский
Pertaining to an item that is only visible to the owner.
Private (final) consumption expenditure, английский
Частные (конечные) потребительские расходы (в снс; конечные расходы домашних хозяйств и частных некоммерческих организаций на потребление товаров и услуг). см. personal consumption expenditure; consumers’ expenditure
Private (telephone) installation, английский
Private accounting, английский
Бухгалтерский учет, см. business accounting, business accounts
Private activity, английский
Частнопредпринимательская деятельность
Private address, английский
Приватный адрес; ip-адрес, принадлежащий диапазону
Private address space, английский
Выделенная область адресов; собственное адресное пространство
Private area, английский
- The area, whether within or outside a building, which is reserved for the exclusive use of a single family. private branch exchange (pbx) a private telephone switching system located on the customer’s premises, usually serving an organization (such as a business or government agency). it switches telephone calls within a building and also to an outside telephone network.
- A secure space on a web site in which administrators can manage restricted site functions.
Private armed vessel, английский
A non-governmental vessel which carries weapons and ammunition for defensive purposes only. under admiralty law such a vessel is non-combatant and does not acquire the legal status of warship or privateer. (see also public armed vessel.)
Private assembly, английский
An assembly that is available only to clients in the same directory structure as the assembly.
Private atm switch, английский
Частный коммутатор atm
Private attribute, английский
Атрибут "личный"
Private automated branch exchange, английский
Private automatic branch exchange, английский
- Учрежденческая атс с исходящей и входящей связью (с городом)
- Частная автоматическая телефонная станция с выходом в сеть общего пользования; учрежденческая автоматическая телефонная станция с исходящей и входящей связью
Private automatic exchange, английский
- Автоматическая телефонная станция ограниченного пользования
- Частная телефонная станция без выхода в общую сеть; учрежденческая атс без исходящей и входящей связи
Private automatic telephone exchange (bax), английский
Private aviation weather reporting station, английский
Private bank, английский
Банкирский дом (собственник отвечает по обязательствам банка и своим личным имуществом)
Permissions, английский
- Права доступа; полномочия
- Authorization to perform operations associated with a specific shared resource, such as a file, directory, or printer. permissions must be granted by the system administrator to individual user accounts or administrative groups.
Centralized, английский
- Hvac system a heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning system having a single heating and/or cooling source for air distribution.
- Централизованный
Organization, английский
- Организация
- N организация lexical ~ лексическая организация orientational a ориентационный metaphor
- Европейская организация производства товарного бетона
- Организация ~ of safety обеспечение безопасности (на производстве); меры по технике безопасности ~ of work организация работ
- Has at least three meanings (1) the act of arranging components to form a pattern different from what would occur by chance, by some criterion or better than it was before (->coordination) e.g., conducting a political campaign; (2) a complex complementary conditionality in behavior or in the coexistence of physical or living components (ashby) as in an ecological system or in such social organizations as a family, a university or a government agency being constituted by its members through conventional rules of conduct, legally recognized and interacted with by observers or by other social organizations; (3) the relations, and processes of communication, including coordination and coorientation among the components or variables of a system that (a) determine the dynamics of interaction and transformations it may undergo in a physical space and (b) constitute (->constitution) its unity whether only for an observer (->allopoiesis) or also for itself (->autopoiesis). in this third and largely cybernetic meaning, the properties of the components that realize a system as a concrete physical entity do not enter the description of that system`s organization. it follows that machines, organisms and social forms of vastly different materiality and components may have the same organization. accordingly, a whole system 56 may be explained in terms of the properties of its components and its organization (->analysis). the use to which a particular system may be put or who created it in the first place is not a feature of its organization. a theory of design (including engineering), management and of (concrete) organizational behavior is concerned with (1). a theory of organizations concerns (2) and attempts to provide generalizations about how cells, or organisms interact or how and why people work together and form larger unities (->general systems theory). cybernetics is concerned and has in fact been considered coextensive with an organization theory which concerns (3) and attempts to provide theories of or a logic for how unities and whole systems can arise or be maintained through the forms of communication (and more complex kinds of interactions and interdependencies) among components without reference to their materiality. the theory of modelling is a direct outgrowth of this organization concept. like cybernetics generally, an organization theory is not disturbed by the possibility that some organizations may not be realized by man or by nature but it will be informed by the finding that they cannot exist (ashby).
- A work structure that divides the responsibility for economic resources and processes.
- The top level of a business hierarchy.
Restricted, английский
Placed on a list that dictates that the trader may not maintain positions, solicit business, or provide indications in a stock, but may serve as broker in agency trades after being properly cleared. traders are so restricted due to investment bank involvement with the company on nonpublic activity (i.e., mergers and acquisitions defense), affiliate ownership, or underwriting activities; signified on the quotron by a flashing "r." a restricted list and the stocks on it should never be conveyed to anyone outside of the trading areas, much less outside the firm. see: grey list.
Management, английский
- Управление; руководство
- Управление, руководство
- 1) управление, руководство 2) администрация
- 1. the organising or running of an organisation such as a hospital, clinic or health authority 2. the organisation of a series of different treatments for a person
- Управление (деятельностью программы, организации)
- Лечение. в контексте клинических исследований слово «management» («управление») может иметь значение «лечение». например, diabetes management - лечение диабета. встречающийся термин: ведение
- Управление с применением эвм, автоматизированное управление 3. computer-aided manufacturing автоматизированное производство 4. computer-aided modeling построение моделей с помощью эвм can, canv canvas холст c&btr. grade с and better (пиломатериал) сорта с и лучше cat. catalog каталог
- Управление, менеджмент ~ of building site управление [руководство] работами на стройплощадке
- The process of governing a country or administering an enterprise including the development of corporate strategy and longrange planning on the top and the regulation, coordination and control of such activities as production, accounting, marketing, personnel, research and development in the middle, the supervised operations being performed below. one key to effective management is the adequate flow of information between and within strategic, functional and operational levels so as to allow for timely and appropriate decisions to be made (->intelligence). management information systems constitute a technological solution to information flow problems. another key is the form of control exercised through spelling out objectives (e.g.->algedonic regulation) providing incentive schemes for production as well as cooperation, etc. manifest/latent functions
- The art of taking actions that affect a resource and its exploitation with a view to achieve certain objectives, such as maximizing the production of that resource (e.g., fishery regulations such as catch quotas or closed seasons). managers are those who practice management.
- The people who administer a company, create policies, and provide the support necessary to implement the owners` business objectives.
- Осторожное, бережное, чуткое отношение к людям
- Руководители банка
Readability, английский
- N удобочитаемость test
- The overall appearance of how the type is spaced in the column.
Auditability, английский
A characteristic of an ai system in which its software and documentation can be interrogated and yield information at each stage of the ai lifecycle to determine compliance with policy, standards, or regulations.
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Consensus (general), английский
A fundamental problem in distributed computing is to achieve overall system reliability in the presence of a number of faulty processes. this often requires processes to agree on some data value that is needed during computation. the consensus problem requires agreement among a number of processes for a single data value. some of the processes may fail or be unreliable in other ways, so consensus protocols must be fault tolerant. the processes must somehow put forth their candidate values, communicate with one another, and agree on a single consensus value. the bitcoin blockchain uses electricity to ensure the security of the system. it creates an economic system where you can only participate by incurring costs, proof of work (pow). you do that for the possibility of reward/bitcoin. if you spend money, and you play fair by the rules, you get money back. if you cheat, you lose money. it doesn’t pay to cheat. this simple game theoretical equilibrium is the core of the bitcoin consensus algorithm
Consortium blockchains, английский
A consortium blockchain is a blockchain where the consensus process is controlled by a pre-selected set of nodes; for example, one might imagine a consortium of 15 financial institutions, each of which operates a node and of which ten must sign every block for the block to be valid. the right to read the blockchain may be public or restricted to the participants. there are also hybrid routes such as the root hashes of the blocks being public together with an api that allows members of the public to make a limited number of queries and get back cryptographic proofs of some parts of the blockchain state. these blockchains may be considered “partially decentralized”
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